Novel Substituted Diaryl Azepine Derivatives as Integrin Ligands

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to novel compounds which bind to integrin receptors, their use as ligands of integrin receptors, in particular as ligands of the α v β 3  integrin receptor, and pharmaceutical preparations comprising these compounds.

The present invention relates to novel compounds which bind to integrin receptors, their use as ligands of integrin receptors, in particular as ligands of the α_(v)β₃ integrin receptor, and pharmaceutical preparations comprising these compounds.

Integrins are cell surface glycoprotein receptors which mediate interactions between identical and different cells as well as between cells and extracellular matrix proteins. They are involved in physiological processes, such as embryogenesis, hemostasis, wound healing, immune response and formation/maintenance of the tissue architecture.

Disturbances in the gene expression of cell adhesion molecules and functional disorders of the receptors can contribute to the pathogenesis of many disorders, such as tumors, thromboembolic events, cardiovascular disorders, lung diseases, disorders of the CNS, the kidney, the gastrointestinal tract or inflammations.

Integrins are heterodimers of an α- and a β-transmembrane subunit in each case, which are noncovalently bonded. Up to now, 16 different α- and 8 different β-subunits and 22 different combinations have been identified.

Integrin α_(v)β₃ also called the vitronectin receptor, mediates adhesions to a multiplicity of ligands—plasma proteins, extracellular matrix proteins, cell surface proteins-, of which the majority contain the amino acid sequence RGD (Cell, 1986, 44, 517-581; Science 1987, 238, 491-497), such as vitronectin, fibrinogen, fibronectin, von Willebrand factor, thrombospondin, osteopontin, laminin, collagen, thrombin, tenascin, MMP-2, bone sialoprotein II, various viral fungal, such as the surface molecules of Candida albicans, parasitic and bacterial proteins, natural integrin antagonists such as disintegrins, neurotoxins—mambin—and blood fluke proteins—decorsin, ornatin—and also some non—RGD ligands, such as Cyr-61 and PECAM-1 (L. Piali, J. Cell Biol. 1995, 130, 451-460; Buckley, J. Cell Science 1996, 109, 437-445, J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273, 3090-3096).

A number of integrin receptors show cross-reactivity with ligands which contain the RGD motif. Thus integrin α_(IIb)β₃, also called the platelet fibrinogen receptor, recognizes fibronectin, vitronectin, thrombospondin, von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen.

Integrin α_(v)β₃ is expressed, inter alia, on endothelial cells, blood platelets, monocytes/macrophages, smooth muscle cells, some B cells, fibroblasts, osteoclasts and various tumor cells, such as melanomas, glioblastomas, lung, breast, prostate and bladder carcinomas, osteosarcomas or neuroblastomas.

Increased expression is observed under various pathological conditions, such as in the prothrombotic state, in vascular injury, tumor growth or metastasis or reperfusion and on activated cells, in particular on endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, or macrophages.

An involvement of integrin α_(v)β₃ has been demonstrated, inter alia, in the following syndromes:

cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis, restenosis after vascular injury, and angioplasty (neointima formation, smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation) (J. Vasc. Surg. 1994, 19, 125-134; Circulation 1994, 90, 2203-2206), acute kidney failure (Kidney Int. 1994, 46, 1050-1058; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1993, 90, 5700-5704; Kidney Int. 1995, 48, 1375-1385), angiogenesis-associated microangiopathies such as diabetic retinopathy or rheumatoid arthritis (Ann. Rev. Physiol 1987, 49, 453-464; Int. Opthalmol. 1987, 11, 41-50; Cell 1994, 79, 1157-1164; J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267, 10931-10934), arterial thrombosis, stroke (phase II studies with ReoPro, Centocor Inc., 8th annual European Stroke Meeting), carcinomatous disorders, such as in tumor metastasis or in tumor growth (tumor-induced angiogenesis) (Cell 1991, 64, 327-336; Nature 1989, 339, 58-61; Science 1995, 270, 1500-1502), osteoporosis (bone resorption after proliferation, chemotaxis and adhesion of osteoclasts to bone matrix) (FASEB J. 1993, 7, 1475-1482; Exp. Cell Res. 1991, 195, 368-375, Cell 1991, 64, 327-336), high blood pressure (Am. J. Physiol. 1998, 275, H1449-H1454), psoriasis (Am. J. Pathol. 1995, 147, 1661-1667), hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease (J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996, 81, 1810-1820), malignant hypercalcemia (Cancer Res. 1998, 58, 1930-1935), metastatic osteolytic lesions (Am. J. Pathol. 1997, 150, 1383-1393), pathogenic protein (e.g. HIV-1 tat)-induced processes (e.g. angiogenesis, Kaposi's sarcoma) (Blood 1999, 94, 663-672) inflammation (J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1998, 102, 376-381), cardiac insufficiency, CHF, and also in antiviral, antiparasitic, antifungal or antibacterial therapy and prophylaxis (adhesion and internalization) (J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 180, 156-166; J. Virology 1995, 69, 2664-2666; Cell 1993, 73, 309-319).

On account of their key role, pharmaceutical preparations which contain low-molecular weight integrin α_(v)β₃ ligands are of high therapeutic or diagnostic benefit, inter alia, in the indications mentioned.

Advantageous α_(v)β₃ integrin receptor ligands bind to the integrin α_(v)β₃ receptor with an increased affinity.

In contrast to integrin α_(v)β₃, particularly advantageous α_(v)β₃ integrin receptor ligands additionally have an increased selectivity and are less active with respect to the integrin α_(IIb)β₃ by at least a factor of 10, preferably at least a factor of 100.

For multiplicity of compounds, such as anti-α_(v)β₃ monoclonal antibodies, peptides which contain the RGD binding sequence, natural, RGD-containing proteins (e.g. disintegrins) and low-molecular weight compounds, an integrin α_(v)β₃ antagonistic action has been shown and a positive in vivo effect demonstrated (FEBS Letts 1991, 291, 50-54; J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265, 12267-12271; J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 20233-20238; J. Cell Biol 1993, 51, 206-218; J. Biol. Chem. 1987, 262, 17703-17711; Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1998, 6, 1185-1208).

Antagonists of the α_(v)β₃ integrin receptor based on a tricyclic structural element having a heptacycle are described in WO 9906049, WO 9911626 and WO 9701540.

EP 889037 describes tricyclic allergy inhibitors.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,0123 describes tricyclic antagonists of the endothelin receptor.

It is an object of the present invention to make available novel integrin receptor ligands having advantageous properties.

Accordingly, we have found that this object is achieved by compounds of the formula I

B-G-L  I

-   -   Where B, G, and L have the following meanings:     -   L is a structural element of the formula I_(L)

U-T  I_(L)

-   -   where     -   T is a group COOH, a radical hydrolyzable to COOH or a radical         Bioisosteric to COOH and     -   —U— is —(X_(L))_(a)—(CR_(L) ¹R_(L) ²)_(b)-, —CR_(L) ¹═CR_(L) ²-,         ethynylene or ═CR_(L) ¹-, where         -   a is 0 or 1,         -   b is 0, 1, or 2,         -   X_(L) is CR_(L) ³R_(L) ⁴, NR_(L) ⁵, oxygen or sulfur,         -   R_(L) ¹, R_(L) ², R_(L) ³, R_(L) ⁴             -   independently of one another are hydrogen, -T, —OH,                 —NR_(L) ⁶R_(L) ⁷, —CO—NH₂, a halogen radical, a branched                 or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl,                 C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl,                 —CO—NH(C₁-C₆-alkyl), —CO—N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)₂ or C₁-C₄-alkoxy                 radical, an optionally substituted radical                 C₁-C₂-alkylene-T, C₂₋alkenylene-T or C₂-alkynylene-T, an                 optionally substituted aryl or arylalkyl radical or in                 each case independently of one another are two radicals                 R_(L) ¹ and R_(L) ² or R_(L) ³ and R_(L) ⁴ or optionally                 R_(L) ¹ and R_(L) ³ together are an optionally                 substituted 3- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated                 carbocycle or heterocycle, which can contain up to three                 different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S,         -   R_(L) ⁵, R_(L) ⁶, R_(L) ⁷             -   independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or                 unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl,                 C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl, SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl or                 CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted                 CO—O-alkylenearyl, SO₂-aryl, CO-aryl, SO₂-alkylenearyl                 or CO-alkylenearyl radical,     -   G is a structural element of the formula I_(G)

-   -   where     -   the structural element B is bonded via Ar and the structural         element L is bonded via X_(G) to the structural element G by         means of a single bond or a double bond and     -   Ar is a fused, aromatic 3- to 10-membered carbocycle or         heterocycle which can contain up to four different or identical         heteroatoms O, N, S, and is optionally substituted by up to 4         substituents,     -   D_(G) is an optionally substituted, fused, unsaturated or         aromatic 3- to 10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle which can         contain up to 4 different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S,     -   X_(G) is CR_(G) ¹ or nitrogen, in the case of a single bond to         structural element L, or carbon, in the case of a double bond to         structural element L,     -   W_(G) is —Y_(G)—N(R_(G) ⁵)- or —N(R_(G) ⁵)—Y_(G)—,     -   Y_(G) is CO, CS, C═NR_(G) or CR_(G) ³R_(G) ⁴,     -   R_(G) ¹ is hydrogen, halogen, a hydroxyl group or a branched or         unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy         radical,     -   R_(G) ² is hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, a branched or unbranched,         optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy,         C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl or —O—C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or an optionally         substituted aryl, —O-aryl, arylalkyl or —O-alkylenearyl radical,     -   R_(G) ³, R_(G) ⁴ independently of one another are hydrogen or a         branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl,         C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical or both         radicals R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴ together are a cyclic acetal         —O—CH₂—CH₂-0- or —O—CH₂—O— or both radicals R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴         together are an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical,         -   with the proviso that, as substituents of the C₁-C₆-alkyl             radicals, the groups COOH and carboxylic acid ester are             excluded,         -   R_(G) ⁵ is a radical R_(G) ^(5A) or a radical             C₀-C₆-alklylene—R_(G) ^(5B),             -   C₂-C₄-alkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkynylene—R_(G)                 ^(5B),             -   C₁-C₆-oxoakylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-oxoalkenylene—R_(G)                 ^(5B),             -   C₂-C₄-oxoalkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B),                 C₁-C₄-aminoalkylene—R_(G) ^(5B),             -   C₂-C₄-aminoalkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B),                 C₂-C₄-aminoalkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkylene—R_(G)                 ^(5B), optionally substituted by one or more radicals                 selected from the group consisting of R_(G) ^(5A) and                 R_(G) ^(5C),             -   R_(G) ^(5A) is a radical COR_(G) ^(5G), COC(R_(G)                 ^(5E))₂(RG^(5H)), CSR_(G) ^(5G), S(O)_(g1)—OR_(G) ^(5E),                 S(O)_(g1)—N(R_(G) ^(5E))(R_(G) ^(5F)), PO(OR_(G) ^(5E)),                 PO(OR_(G) ^(5E))₂, B(OR_(G) ^(5E))₂, NO₂ or tetrazolyl,             -   R_(G) ^(5B) is hydrogen or an optionally substituted                 C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloheteroalkyl, aryl or                 hetaryl radical,             -   R_(G) ^(5C) is hydrogen, halogen, CN, NO₂, OR_(G) ^(5D),                 CF₃, or a radical N(R_(G) ^(5E))(R_(G) ^(5D)),                 CF₃S(O)_(g2), CO₂R_(G) ^(5E), CO—N(R_(g) ^(5E))₂,                 C₀-C₆-alkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₁-C₆oxoalkylene—R_(G)                 ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B) or                 C₂-C₄-alkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B),             -   R_(G) ^(5D) is a radical R_(G) ^(5E), —CO—R_(G) ^(5E),                 CO—OR_(G) ^(5J), CO—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂, S(O)_(g1)—R_(G)                 ^(5E) or S(O)_(g1)—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂,             -   R_(G) ^(5E) is hydrogen, an optionally substituted                 C₁-C₆-alkyl, aryl-C₀-C₆-alkylene,                 C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₆-alkylene, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl                 radical,             -   R_(G) ^(5F) is a radical R_(G) ^(5E), CO—R_(G) ^(5E) or                 CO—OR_(G) ^(5E),             -   R_(G) ^(5H) is a radical OR_(G) ^(5E), N(R_(G)                 ^(5E))(R_(G) ^(5F)), N(R_(G) ^(5E))—SO₂R_(G) ^(5E),                 N(R_(G) ^(5E)) (OR_(G) ^(5E)), O—C(R_(G)                 ^(5E))₂-CO—OR_(G) ^(5E), O—C(R_(G) ^(5E))₂-O—CO—R_(G)                 ^(5E), O—C(R_(G) ^(5E))₂-CO—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂ or CF₃,             -   R_(G) ^(5H) is a radical OR_(G) ^(5E), CN,                 S(O)_(g2)—R_(G) ^(5E), S(O)_(g1)—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂,                 CO—R_(G) ^(5E), C(O)N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂ or CO₂—R_(G) ^(5E),             -   R_(G) ^(5J) is hydrogen or an optionally substituted                 C₁-C₆-alkyl or aryl-C₀-C₆-alkylene radical,             -   g1 is 1 or 2 and             -   g2 is 0, 1 or 2,             -   with the proviso that if W_(G)=—Y_(G)—N(R_(G) ⁵)- the                 radical-(CH₂)m-COR_(G) ⁶ is excluded for R_(G)5, where             -   m is 1 or 2,             -   R_(G) ⁶ is —OR′, —NR′R″, —NR′SO₂R′″, —NR′OR′,                 —OCR′₂C(O)OR′, —OCR′₂OC(O)R′, —OCR′₂C(O)NR′₂, —CF₃ or                 —COC(R′)₂R_(G) ⁷,             -   R_(G) ⁷ is —OR′, —CN, —S(O)_(r)R′, S(O)₂N(R′)₂,                 —C(O)R′C(O)NR′₂ or —CO₂R′,         -   r is 0, 1 or 2,         -   R′ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₄-alkyl or             aryl-C₀-C₄-alkyl,             -   R″ is R′, —C(O)R′ or —C(O)OR_(G) ⁸,             -   R′″ is C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₄-alkyl or                 aryl-C₀-C₄-alkyl,             -   R_(G) ⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₄                 alkyl or aryl-C₀-C₄-alkyl,         -   B is a structural element containing at least one atom             which, under physiological conditions, as a hydrogen             acceptor can form hydrogen bridges, where at least one             hydrogen acceptor atom has a distance of 4 to 15 atom bonds             to structural element G along the shortest possible route             along the structural element skeleton,         -   and the physiologically tolerable salts, prodrugs and the             enantiomerically pure or diastereomerically pure and             tautomeric forms.

In the structural element L, T is understood as meaning a group COOH, a radical hydrolyzable to COOH or a radical bioisosteric to COOH.

A radical hydrolyzable to COOH is understood as meaning a radical which changes into a group COOH after hydrolysis.

A group which may be mentioned by way of example as a radical T hydrolyzable to COOH is

in which R_(T) ¹ has the following meanings:

-   a) OM, where M can be a metal cation, such as an alkali metal     cation, such as lithium, sodium, potassium, the equivalent of an     alkaline earth metal cation, such as calcium, magnesium, and barium,     or an environmentally tolerable organic ammonium ion such as     primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary C₁-C₄-alkylammonium or     ammonium ion, such as ONa, OK or Oli, -   b) a branched or unbranched, optionally halogen-substituted     C₁-C₈-alkoxy radical, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,     1-methylethoxy, butoxy, 1-methylpropoxy, 2-methylpropoxy,     1,1-dimethylethoxy, in particular methoxy, ethoxy, 1-methylethoxy,     pentoxy, henoxy, heptoxy, octoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy,     chlorodifluoromethoxy, 1-fluoroethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy,     2,2-difluoroethoxy, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy,     2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethoxy or     pentafluoroethoxy, -   c) a branched or unbranched, optionally halogen-substituted     C₁-C₄-alkylthio radical such as methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio,     1-methylethylthio, butylthio, 1-methylpropylthio, 2-methylpropylthio     or 1,1-dimethylethylthio radical, -   d) an optionally substituted —O-alkylenearyl radical, such as     -o-benzyl, -   e) R_(T) ¹ is further a radical —(O)_(m)—N(R¹⁸)(R¹⁹), in which m is     0 or 1 and R¹⁸ and R¹⁹, which can be identical or different, have     the following meanings:     -   hydrogen,     -   a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted     -   C₁-C₆-alkyl radical, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl,         1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl,         1,1-dimethylethyl, pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl,         1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl,         1-ethylpropyl, hexyl, 1-methylpentyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl,         1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl,         2,2-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl,         1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl or         1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl or the corresponding substituted         radicals, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or i-butyl,     -   C₂-C₆-alkenyl radical such as vinyl, 2-propenyl, 2-butenyl,         3-butenyl, 1-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-pentenyl,         3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-methyl-2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl,         3-methyl-2-butenyl, 1-methyl-3-butenyl, 2-methyl-3-butenyl,         3-methyl-30butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl,         1,2-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-propenyl, 2-hexenyl,         3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 1-methyl-2-pentenyl,         2-methyl-2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-2-pentenyl, 4-methyl-2-pentenyl,         2-methyl-3-pentenyl, 4-methyl-3-pentenyl, 1-methyl-4-pentenyl,         2-methyl-4-pentenyl, 3-methyl-4-pentenyl, 4-methyl-4-pentenyl,         1,1-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,1-dimenthyl-3-butenyl,         1,2-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl,         1,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl,         2,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl,         2,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1-ethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-3-butenyl,         2-ethyl-2-butenyl, 2-ethyl-3-butenyl,         1,1,2-trimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propanyl and         1-ethyl-2-methyl-2-propenyl, in particular 2-propenyl,         2-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl or 3-methyl-2-pentenyl or the         corresponding substituted radicals,     -   C₂-C₆-alkynyl radical, such as ethynyl, 2-propynyl, 2-butynyl,         3-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl,         4-pentynyl, 1-methyl-3-butynyl, 2-methyl-3-butynyl,         1-methyl-2-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl, 1-ethyl-2-propynyl,         2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 1-methyl-2-pentynyl,         1-methyl-2-pentynyl, 1-methyl-3-pentynyl, 1-methyl-4-pentynyl,         2-methyl-3-pentynyl, 2-methyl-4-pentynyl, 3-methyl-4-pentynyl,         4-methyl-2-pentynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butynyl,         1,1-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl,         2,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 1-ethyl-2-butynyl, 1-ethyl-3-butynyl,         2-ethyl-3-butynyl and 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propynyl, preferably         2-propynyl, 2-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl or 1-methyl-2-butynyl         or the corresponding substituted radicals,     -   C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,         cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl or the corresponding         substituted radicals,     -   or a phenyl radical, optionally mono- or polysubstituted, for         example mono- to trisubstituted, by halogen, nitro, cyano,         C₁-C₄-alkyl, C₁-C₄-haloalkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, C₁-C₄-haloalkoxy or         C₁-C₄ alkylthio such as 2-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl,         4-bromophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-nitrophenyl, 4-cyanophenyl,         2-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl,         4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 2-methylthiophenyl,         2,4-dichlorophenyl, 2-methoxy-3-methylphenyl,         2,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 2-nitro-5-cyanophenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl,     -   or R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ together form an optionally substituted, e.g.         C₁-C₄-alkyl-substituted, C₄-C₇-alkylene chain closed to give a         cycle, which can contain a heteroatom select d from the group         consisting of oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, such as —(CH₂)₄—,         (CH₂)₅—, —(CH₂)₆—, —(CH₂)₇—, —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, —CH₂—S—(CH₂)₃—,         —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₃—, —NH—(CH₂)₃—, —CH₂—NH—(CH₂)₂—,         —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂—, —CH═CH—(CH₂)₃—, —CO—(CH₂)₂—CO— or         —CO—(CH₂)₃—CO—.

A radical bioisosteric to COOH is understood as meaning radicals which can replace the function of a group COOH in active compounds by equivalent bond donor/acceptor capabilities or by equivalent charge distribution.

Radicals which may be mentioned by way of example as radicals bioisosteric to —COOH are those such as described in “The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry”, Editor: C. G. Wermuth, Academic Press 1996, pages 125 and 216, in particular the radicals —P═O(OH)₂, —SO₃H, tetrazole or acylsulfonamides.

Preferred radicals T are —COOH, —CO—O—C₁-C₈alkyl or —CO-o-benzyl.

The radical —U— in the structural element L is a spacer selected from the group consisting of —(X_(L))a—(CR_(L) ¹R_(L) ²)_(b)-, —CR_(L) ¹═CR_(L) ²-, ethynylene and ═CR_(L) ¹-. In the case of the radical ═CR_(L) ¹-, the structural element L is linked to the structural element G via a double bond.

X_(L) is a radical CR_(L) ³R_(L) ⁴, NR_(L) ⁵, oxygen or sulfur.

Preferred radicals —U— are the radicals —CR_(L) ¹═CR_(L) ²-, ethynylene or —(X_(L))_(a)(CR_(L) ¹R_(L) ²)_(b)-, where X_(L) is preferably CL_(L) ³R_(L) ⁴ (a=0 or 1) or oxygen (a=1).

Particularly preferred radicals —U— are the radicals —(X_(L))_(a)—(CR_(L) ¹R_(L) ²)_(b)-, where X_(L) is preferably CR_(L) ³R_(L) ⁴ (a=0 or 1) or oxygen (a=1).

Under R_(L) ¹, R_(L) ², R_(L) ³ or R_(L) ⁴ in structural element L, a halogen radical is understood as meaning, for example, F, Cl, Br or I, preferably F.

Under R_(L) ¹, R_(L) ², R_(L) ³ or R_(L) ⁴ in structural element L, a branched or unbranched C₁-C₆-alkyl radical is understood as meaning, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl, pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, hexyl, 1-methylpentyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl or 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl, preferably branched or unbranched C₁-C₄-alkyl radicals such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl or 1,1-dimethylethyl, particularly preferably methyl.

Under R_(L) ¹, R_(L) ², R_(L) ³ or R_(L) ⁴ in structural element L, a branched or unbranched C₂-C₆-alkenyl radical is understood as meaning, for example, vinyl, 2-propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-methyl-2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, 1-methyl-3-butenyl, 2-methyl-3-butenyl, 3-methyl-3-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-propenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 1-methyl-2-pentenyl, 2-methyl-2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-2-pentenyl, 4-methyl-2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-3-pentenyl, 4-methyl-3-pentenyl, 1-methyl-4-pentenyl, 2-methyl-4-pentenyl, 3-methyl-4-pentenyl, 4-methyl-4-pentenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1-ethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-3-butenyl, 2-ethyl-2-butenyl, 2-ethyl-3-butenyl, 1,1,2-trimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propenyl and 1-ethyl-2-methyl-2-propenyl, in particular 2-propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl or 3-methyl-2-pentenyl.

Under R_(L) ¹, R_(L) ², R_(L) ³ or R_(L) ⁴ in structural element L, a branched or unbranches C₂-C₆-alkynyl radical is understood as meaning, for example, ethynyl, 2-propynal, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-methyl-3-butynyl, 2-methyl-3-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl, 1-ethyl-2-propynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 1-methyl-2-pentynyl, 1-methyl-2-pentynyl, 1-methyl-3-pentynyl, 1-methyl-4-pentynyl, 2-methyl-3-pentynyl, 2-methyl-4-pentynyl, 3-methyl-4-pentynyl, 4-methyl-2-pentynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 1-ethyl-2-butynyl, 1-ethyl-3-butynyl, 2-ethyl-3-butynyl and 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propynyl, preferably ethynyl, 2-propynyl, 2-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl or 1-methyl-2-butynyl.

Under R_(L) ¹, R_(L) ², R_(L) ³ or R_(L) ⁴ in structural element L, a branched or unbranched C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical is understood as meaning, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl.

Under R_(L) ¹, R_(L) ², R_(L) ³ or R_(L) ⁴ in structural element L, a branched or unbranched C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical is understood as meaning, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 1-methylethoxy, butoxy, 1-methylpropoxy, 2-methylpropoxy or 1,1-dimethylethoxy.

The radicals —CO—NH(C₁-C₆-alkyl), —CO—N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)₂ are secondary or tertiary amides and are composed of the amide bond and the corresponding C₁-C₆-alkyl radicals such as described above for R_(L) ¹, R_(L) ², R_(L) ³ or R_(L) ⁴.

The radicals R_(L) ¹, R_(L) ², R_(L) ³ or R_(L) ⁴ can furthermore be a radical

C₁-C₂-alkylene-T, such as methylene-T or ethylene-T, C₂-alkenylene-T, such as ethenylene-T or C₂-alkynylene-T, such as ethynylene-T, an aryl radical, such as phenyl, 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl or an arylalkyl radical, such as benzyl or ethylenephenyl (homobenzyl), where the radicals can optionally be substituted.

Furthermore, two radicals R_(L) ¹ and R_(L) ² or R_(L) ³ and R_(L) ⁴ or optionally R_(L) ¹ and R_(L) ³ can in each case independently of one another together be an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated carbocycle or heterocycle, which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S.

All radicals for R_(L) ¹, R_(L) ², R_(L) ³ or R_(L) ⁴ can be optionally substituted. For the radicals R_(L) ¹, R_(L) ², R_(L) ³ or R_(L) ⁴ and all further substituted radicals of the description below, suitable substituents, if the substituents are not specified in greater detail, are independently of one another up to 5 substituents, for example selected from the following group:

—NO₂, —NH₂, —OH, —CN, —COOH, —O—CH₂—COOH, halogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl radical, such as methyl, CF₃, C₂F₅ or CH₂Fm—CO—O—C₁-C₄-alkyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₁-C₄-thioalkyl, —NH—CO—O—C₁-C₄-alkyl, —O—CH₂—COO—C₁-C₄-alkyl, —NH—CO—C₁-C₄-alkyl, —CO—NH—C₁-C₄-alkyl, —NH—SO₂—C₁-C₄-alkyl, —SO₂NH—C₁-C₄-alkyl, —N(C₁-C₄-alkyl)₂, —NH—C₁-C₄-alkyl, or —SO₂—C₁-C₄-alkyl radical, such as —SO₂—CF₃, an optionally substituted —NH—CO-aryl, —CO—NH-aryl, —NH—CO—O-aryl, —NH—CO—O-alkylenearyl, —NH—SO₂-aryl, —SO₂—NH-aryl, —CO—NH-benzyl, —NH—SO₂-benzyl or —SO₂—NH-benzyl radical, an optionally substituted radical —SO₂—NR₅ 2R₅ or —CO—NR₅ ²R₅ ³ where the radicals R₅ ² and R₅ ³ independently of one another can have the meaning R_(L) ⁵ as below or both radicals R₅ ² and R₅ ³ together can be a 3- to 6-membered, optionally substituted, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle which, in addition to the ring nitrogen, can contain up to three further different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, and optionally two radicals substituted on this heterocycle can together be a fused, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and the cycle can be optionally substituted or a further, optionally substituted cycle can be fused to this cycle.

If not specified in greater detail, in all terminally bonded, substituted hetaryl radicals of the description, two substituents can form a fused 5- to 7-membered, unsaturated or aromatic carbocycle.

Preferred radicals R_(L) ¹, or R_(L) ², R_(L) ³ or R_(L) ⁴ are independently of one another hydrogen, halogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy or C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or the radical —NR_(L) ⁶R_(L) ⁷.

Particularly preferred radicals R_(L) ¹, R_(L) ², R_(L) ³ or R₁ ⁴ are independently of one another hydrogen, fluorine or a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl radical, preferably methyl.

The radicals R_(L) ⁵, R_(L) ⁶, R_(L) ⁷ in structural element L are independently of one another hydrogen, a branched or unbranches, optionally substituted.

C₁-C₆-alkyl radical, for example as described above for R_(L) ¹,

C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical, for example as described above for R_(L) ¹, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl, SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl or CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical, which is composed of the group CO—O, SO₂ or CO and, for example, of the C₁-C₆-alkyl radicals described above for R_(L) ¹, or an optionally substituted CO—O-alkylenearyl, SO₂-aryl, SO₂-alkylenearyl or CO-alkylenearyl radical, which is composed of the group CO—O, SO₂ or CO and, for example, of the aryl or arylalkyl radicals described above for R_(L) ¹.

Preferred radicals for R_(L) ⁶ in structural element L are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₄-alkyl, CO—C₁-C₄-alkyl or SO₂—C₁-C₄-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted CO—O-benzyl, SO₂-aryl, SO₂-alkylenearyl or CO-aryl radical.

Preferred radicals for R_(L) ⁷ in structural element L are hydrogen or a branched or unbranched; optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl radical.

Preferred structural elements L are composed of the preferred radicals of the structural element.

Particularly preferred structural elements L are composed of the particularly preferred radicals of the structural element.

G is a structural element of the formula I_(G)

where the structural element B is bonded via Ar and the structural element L is bonded via X_(G) to the structural element G by means of a single bond or a double bond.

Ar in structural element G is a fused aromatic 3- to 10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to 4 different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and is optionally substituted by up to 4 substituents.

Preferably, Ar is a fused aromatic 3- to 6-membered carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and is optionally substituted by up to two substituents.

Particularly preferably, Ar is an aromatic 3- to 6-membered carbocycle or heterocycle optionally substituted by up to two substituents and selected from one of the following doubly bonded structural formulae:

In particular selected from one of the following, doubly bonded structural formulae:

The substitution pattern on Ar relative to the structural element B is not critical. Preferably, the substitution takes place, in particular in the case of 5- and 6-membered cycles, ortho or meta to W_(G), when this position is not occupied by a heteroatom.

D_(G) in structural element G is an optionally substituted, fused, unsaturated or aromatic 3- to 10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to 4 different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S.

Preferably, D_(G) is a fused, aromatic or unsaturated 3- to 6-membered carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and is optionally substituted by up to two substituents.

Particularly preferably, D_(G) is an optionally substituted, fused, unsaturated or aromatic 3- to 6-membered carbocycle or heterocycle, for example selected from one of the following doubly bonded structural formulae:

In particular selected from one of the following, doubly bonded structural formulae:

X_(G) in structural element G is CR_(G) ² or nitrogen in the case of a single bond to structural element L, or carbon in the case of a double bond to structural element L.

Preferably, X_(G) is CR_(G) ¹ in the case of a single bond or carbon in the case of a double bond to structural element L.

Particularly preferably, X_(G) is CR_(G) ¹ and is bonded to the structural element L via a single bond.

W_(G) in structural element G is the doubly bonded radical —Y_(G)—N(R_(G) ⁵)— or —N(R_(G) ⁵)—Y_(G)—.

Y_(G) in structural element G is CO, CS, C═NR_(G) ² or CR_(G) ³R_(G) ⁴, preferably CO, C═NR_(G) ² or CR_(G) ³R_(G) ⁴, particularly preferably CO or CR_(G) ³R_(G) ⁴.

R_(G) ¹ in structural element W_(G) is hydrogen, halogen, such as Cl, F, Br or I, a hydroxyl group or a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical, preferably C₁-C₄-alkyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical, for example as in each case described above for R_(L) ¹.

Preferred radicals for R_(G) ¹ are hydrogen, hydroxyl and optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radicals.

Particularly preferred radicals for R_(G) ¹ are hydrogen and carboxyl-substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radicals, in particular the radicals —CH₂COOH or —O—CH₂COOH.

R_(G) ² in structural element G is hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy or C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical, for example as in each case described above for R_(L) ¹,

an optionally substituted —O—C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical, which is composed of an ether group and, for example, of the C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical described above for R_(L) ¹, an optionally substituted aryl or arylalkyl radical, for example as in each case described above for R_(L) ¹ or an optionally substituted —O-aryl or —O-alkylenearyl radical, which is composed of a group —O— and, for example, of the aryl or arylalkyl radicals described above for R_(L) ¹.

Preferred radicals R_(G) ² in structural element G are hydrogen, hydroxyl or a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical, in particular methyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical, in particular methoxy.

Possible substituents are, for example, the above mentioned substituents.

R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴ are, independently of one another, hydrogen or a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical or both radicals R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴ together are a cyclic acetal —O_CH₂—CH₂—O— or —O—CH₂—O_ or both radicals R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴ together are an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical,

with the proviso that, as substituents of the C₁-C₆-alkyl radicals, the groups COOH and carboxylic acid ester are excluded.

In a preferred embodiment, the groups COOH and carbocyclic acid ester are excluded as substituents for all radicals R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴.

Branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radicals for R_(G) ³ or R_(G) ⁴ in structural element G independently of one another are understood as meaning, for example, the corresponding radicals in each case described above for R_(L) ¹.

Further, both radicals R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴ can together form a cyclic acetal, such as —O—CH₂—CH₂—O— or —O—CH₂—O—.

Furthermore, both radicals R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴ can together form an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical.

Preferred radicals for R_(G) ³ or R_(G) ⁴ are independently of one another hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy, and both radicals R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴ together form a cyclic acetal, such as —O—CH₂—CH₂—O— or —O—CH₂—O—.

Particularly preferred radicals for R_(G) ³ or R_(G) ⁴ are independently of one another hydrogen and both radicals R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴ together form a cyclic acetal, in particular —O—CH₂—CH₂—O— or —O—CH₂—O—.

R_(G) ⁵ is a radical R_(G) ^(5A) or a radical C₀-C₆-alkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₁-C₆-oxoalkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-oxoalkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-oxoalkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₁-C₄-aminoalkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-aminoalkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-aminoalkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), optionally substituted by one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of R_(G) ^(5A) and R_(G) ^(5C), where

R_(G) ^(5A) is a radical COR_(G) ^(5G), COC(R_(G) ^(5E))₂(R_(G) ^(5H)), CSR_(G) ^(5G), S(O)_(g1)—OR_(G) ^(5E))(R_(G) ^(5F)), PO(OR_(G) ^(5E)), PO(OR_(G) ^(5E))₂, B(OR_(G) ^(5E))₂, NO₂ or tetrazolyl, R_(G) ^(5B) is hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloheteroalkyl, aryl or hetaryl radical, R_(G) ^(5C) is hydrogen, halogen, CN, NO₂, OR_(G) ^(5D)CF₃, or a radical N(R_(G) ^(5E))R_(G) ^(5D)), CF₃S(O)_(g2), _(CO)2_(R)G^(5E))2, C_(o)—C6-alkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₁-C₆-oxoalkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B) or C₂-C₄-alkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), R_(G) ^(5D) is a radical R_(G) ^(5E), —CO—R_(G) ^(5E), CO—OR_(G) ^(5J), CO—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂, S(O)_(g1)—R_(G) ^(5E) or S(O)_(g1)—N(R_(G) ^(E))₂, R_(G) ^(E5) is hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, aryl-C_(o)—C₆-alkylene, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C_(o)—C₆-alkylene, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical, R_(G) ^(5F) is a radical R_(G) ^(5E), CO—R_(G) ^(5E) or CO—OR_(G) ^(5E), R_(G) ^(5G) is a radical OR_(G) ^(5E), N(R_(G) ^(5E))(R_(G) ^(5F)), N(R_(G) ^(5E))—SO₂R_(G) ^(5E), N(R_(G) ^(5E)) (OR_(G) ^(5E)), O—C (R_(G) ^(5E))₂-CO—OR_(G) ^(5E), O—C(R_(G) ^(5E))₂-O—CO—R_(G) ^(5E), O—C (R_(G) ^(5E))₂-CO—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂ or CF₃, R_(G) ^(5H) is a radical OR_(G) ^(5E), CN, S(O)_(g2)—R_(G) ^(5E), S(O)_(g1)—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂, CO—R_(G) ^(5E), C(O)N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂ or CO₂—R_(G) ^(5E), R_(G) ^(5J) is hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl or aryl-C_(o)—C₆-alkylene radical, g1 is 1 or 2 and g2 is 0, 1 or 2 with the proviso that if W_(G=)—Y_(G)—N(R_(G) ⁵)—the radical —(CH₂)_(m)—COR_(G) ⁶ is excluded for R_(G) ⁵, where

-   m is 1 or 2, -   R_(G) ⁶ is OR′, —NR′R″, —NR′SO₂R′″, —NR′R′, —OCR′₂C(O)OR′,     —OCR′₂OC(O)R′, —OCR′₂C(O)NR′₂, —CF₃ or —COC(R′)₂R_(G) ⁷, -   R_(G) ⁷ is —OR′, —CN, —S(O)_(r)R′, S(O)₂N(R′)₂, —C(O)R′C(O)NR′₂ or     —CO₂R′, -   r is 0, 1 or 2 -   R′ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C_(o)—C₄-alkyl or     aryl-C_(o)—C₄-alkyl, -   R is R′, —C(O)R′ or —C(O)OR_(G) ⁸, -   R′″ is C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C_(o)—C₄-alkyl or     aryl-C_(o)—C₄-alkyl, -   R_(G) ⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C_(o)—C₄-alkyl or     aryl-C_(o)—C₄-alkyl.

In a preferred embodiment of R_(G) ⁵, if W_(G)=—N(R_(G) ⁵)—Y_(G)- the radical —(CH₂)_(m)—COR_(G) ⁶ is also excluded for R_(G) ⁵.

Further preferred radicals for R_(G) ⁵ are hydrogen,

C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl or arylalkyl such as described above for R_(L) ¹, a radical COO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl or CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl which is composed of the group consisting of COO, SO₂ or CO and the C₁-C₆-alkyl radicals described above, a radical COO—C₁-C₄-alkylene aryl, SO₂-aryl, CO-aryl, CO-hetaryl, SO₂—C₁-C₄-alkylene-aryl or CO—C₁-C₄-alkylene-aryl.

Particularly preferred radicals for R_(G) ⁵ are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, CH₂CF₃, benzyl or homobenzyl, where the phenyl group can optionally be substituted by a C₁-C₄-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy or C₁-C₄-alkylthio radical, CF₃, or OH or halogen.

Very particularly preferred radicals for R_(G) ⁵ are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or CH₂CF₃.

Preferred structural elements G are composed of at least one preferred radical of the structural element G, while the remaining radicals are widely variable.

Particularly preferred structural elements G are composed of the preferred radicals of the structural element G.

Very particularly preferred structural elements G are composed of the particularly preferred radicals of the structural element G.

Structural element B is understood as meaning a structural element containing at least one atom which, under physiological conditions, can form hydrogen bridges as a hydrogen acceptor, at least one hydrogen acceptor atom having a distance of 4 to 15 atom bonds from structural element G along the shortest possible route along the structural element skeleton. The arrangement of the structural skeleton of structural element B is widely variable.

Suitable atoms which, under physiological conditions, can form hydrogen bridges as hydrogen acceptors are, for example, atoms having Lewis base properties, such as the heteroatoms nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur.

Physiological conditions are understood as meaning a pH which prevails at the site in a body at which the ligands interact with the receptors. In the present case, the physiological conditions have a pH of, for example, 5 to 9.

In a preferred embodiment, structural element B is a structural element of the formula I_(B)

A-E  I_(B)

-   -   where A and E have the following meanings:     -   A is a structural element selected from the group consisting of:         -   a 4- to 8-membered monocyclic saturated, unsaturated or             aromatic hydrocarbon which can contain up to 4 heteroatoms             selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, where, in             each case independently of one another, the optionally             present ring nitrogen or the carbons can be substituted,             with the proviso that at least one heteroatom selected from             the group consisting of O, N and S is present in the             structural element A,         -   or         -   a 9- to 14-membered polycyclic, saturated, unsaturated or             aromatic hydrocarbon which can contain up to 6 heteroatoms             selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, where, in             each case independently of one another, the optionally             present ring nitrogen or the carbons can be substituted,             with the proviso that at least one heteroatom selected from             the group consisting of O, N and S is present in the             structural element A,         -   a radical

-   -   where     -   Z_(A) ¹ is oxygen, sulfur or optionally substituted nitrogen and     -   Z_(A) ² is optionally substituted nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, or         a radical

-   -   where     -   R_(A) ¹⁸, R_(A) ¹⁹         -   independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or             unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₈-alkyl,             C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl, C₁-C₅-alkylene-C₁-C₄-alkoxy,             mono- or bisalkylaminoalkylene or acylaminoalkylene radical             or an optionally substituted aryl, heterocycloalkyl,             heterocycloalkenyl, hetaryl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl,             C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, arylalkyl,             C₁-C₄-alkyleneheterocycloalkyl,             C₁-C₄-alkyleneheterocycloalkenyl or hetarylalkyl radical, or             a radical —SO₂—R_(G) ¹¹, —CO—OR_(G) ¹¹, —CO—NR_(G) ¹¹R_(G)             ¹¹* or —CO—R_(G) ¹¹,             and

-   E is a spacer structural element which covalently bonds the     structural element A to the structural element G, where the number     of atomic [sic] bonds along the shortest possible route along the     structural element skeleton E is 3 to 14.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the structural element A is a structural element selected from the group consisting of structural elements of the formulae I_(A) ¹ to I_(A) ¹⁸,

-   -   where         m, p, q     -   independently of one another are 1, 2 or 3,

R_(A) ¹, R_(A) ²

-   -   independently of one another are hydrogen, CN, halogen, a         branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl or         CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted aryl,         arylalkyl, hetaryl, hetarylalkyl or C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or         a radical CO—O—R_(A) ¹⁴, O—R_(A) ¹⁴, S—R_(A) ¹⁴, NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A)         ¹⁶, CO—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or SO₂NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or both         radicals R_(A) ¹ and R_(A) ² together are a fused, optionally         substituted, 5- or 6-membered, unsaturated or aromatic         carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three         heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S,

R_(A) ¹³, R_(A) ¹³*

-   -   Independently of one another are hydrogen, CN, halogen, a         branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl         radical or an optionally substituted aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl,         C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or a radical CO—O—R_(A) ¹⁴, O—R_(A) ¹⁴,         S—R_(A) ¹⁴, NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶, SO₂—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or         CO—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶     -   where     -   R_(A) ¹⁴ is hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally         substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, alkylene-C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₂-C₆-alkenyl,         C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₁-C₆-alkylene-C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or an         optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl,         hetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical,     -   R_(A) ¹⁵, R_(A) ¹⁶,         -   Independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or             unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl,             CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl, COO—C₁-C₆-alkyl,             CO—NH—C₁-C₆-alkyl, arylalkyl, COO-alkylenearyl,             SO₂-alkylenearyl, CO—NH-alkylenearyl, CO—NH-alkylenehetaryl             or hetarylalkyl radical or an optionally substituted             C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, CO-aryl, CO—NH-aryl, SO₂-aryl,             hetaryl, CO—NH-hetaryl or CO-hetaryl radical,     -   R_(A) ³, R_(A) ⁴         -   independently of one another are hydrogen,             —(CH₂)_(n)—(X_(a))_(j)—R_(A) ¹², or both radicals together             are a 3- to 8-membered, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic             N-heterobyble which can additionally contain two further,             identical or different heteroatoms O, N or S, where the             cycle is optionally substituted or a further, optionally             substituted, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic cycle can be             fused to this cycle,             where     -   n is 0, 1, 2 or 3,     -   j is 0 or 1,     -   X_(A) is —CO—, —CO—N(R_(x) ¹)—, —N(R_(X) ¹)—CO—, —N(R_(X) ¹)         —CO—N(R_(x) ¹*)-, —N(R_(X) ¹)—CO—O—, —O—, —S—, —SO₂—,         —SO₂—N(R_(x) ¹)—, —SO₂—O—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—N(R_(x) ¹)—,         —N(R_(x) ¹)— or —N(R_(X) ¹)— or —N(R_(X) ¹)—SO₂—,     -   R_(A) ¹² is hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally         substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical, an optionally C₁-C₄-alkyl- or         aryl-substituted C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₂-C₆-alkenyl radical or a 3-         to 6-membered, saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, substituted         by up to three identical or different radicals, which can         contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S,         a C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, aryl or hetaryl radical, where two radicals         together can be a fused, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic         carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three         different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and the cycle can         optionally be substituted or a further, optionally substituted,         saturated, unsaturated or aromatic cycle can be fused to this         cycle, or the radical R_(A) ¹², together with R_(X) ¹ or R_(X)         ¹*, forms a saturated or unsaturated C₃-C₇-heterocycle which can         optionally contain up to two further heteroatoms selected from         the group consisting of O, S and N,     -   R_(X) ¹, R_(X) ¹*         -   independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or             unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl,             C₁-C₆-alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl,             CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl, or SO—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical             or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl,             arylalkyl, CO—O-alkylenearyl, CO-alkylenearyl, CO-aryl,             SO₂-aryl, hetaryl, CO-hetaryl or SO₂-alkylenearyl radical,     -   R_(A) ⁶, R_(A) ⁶*         -   are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally             substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl, —CO—O—C₁-C₄-alkyl, arylalkyl,             —CO—O-alkylenearyl, —CO—O-allyl, —CO—C₁-C₄-alkyl,             —CO-alkylenearyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl or —CO-alkyl radical or             in structural element I_(A) ⁷ both radicals R_(A) ⁶ and             R_(A) ⁶* together are an optionally substituted, saturated,             unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle which, in addition to             the ring nitrogen, can contain up to two further different             or identical heteroatoms O, N, S,     -   R_(A) ⁷ is hydrogen, —OH, —CN, —CONH₂, a branched or unbranched,         optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy,         C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl or —O—CO—C₁-C₄-alkyl radical, or an optionally         substituted arylalkyl, —O-alkylenearyl, —O—CO-aryl,         —O—CO-alkylenearyl or —O—CO-alkyl radical, or both radicals         R_(A) ⁶ and R_(A) ⁷ together are an optionally substituted,         unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle which, in addition to the         ring nitrogen, can contain up to two further different or         identical heteroatoms O, N, S,     -   R_(A) ⁸ is hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally         substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl, C₀-C₁-C₄-alkyl, SO₂—C₁-C₄-alkyl,         SO₂—C₁-C₄-alkyl or CO—O—C₁-C₄-alkyl radical or an optionally         substituted aryl, CO-aryl, SO₂-aryl, CO—O-aryl, CO-alkylenearyl,         SO₂-alkylenearyl, CO—O-alkylenearyl or alkylenearyl radical,     -   R_(A) ⁹, R_(A) ¹⁰         -   independently of one another are hydrogen, —CN, halogen, a             branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl             radical or an optionally substituted aryl, arylalkyl,             hetaryl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or a radical CO—O—R_(A)             ¹⁴, O—R_(A) ¹⁴, S—R_(A) ¹⁴, NR_(A) ¹⁴R_(A) ¹⁶, SO₂—NR_(A)             ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or CO—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶, or both radicals R_(A) ⁹             and R_(A) ¹⁰ together in structural element I_(A) ¹⁴ are a             5- to 7-membered saturated, unsaturated or aromatic             carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three             different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and is optionally             substituted by up to three identical or different radicals,     -   R_(A) ¹¹ is hydrogen, —CN, halogen, a branched or unbranched,         optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally         substituted aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical         or a radical CO—O—R_(A) ¹⁴, O—R_(A) ¹⁴, S—R_(A) ¹⁴, NR_(A)         ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶, SO₂—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or CO—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶,     -   R_(A) ¹⁷ is hydrogen or, in structural element I_(A) ¹⁶, both         radicals R_(A) ⁹ and R_(A) ¹⁷ together are a 5- to 7-membered         saturated, unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle which, in         addition to the ring nitrogen, can contain up to three different         or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and is optionally substituted         by u to three identical or different radicals,     -   R¹⁸, R_(A) ¹⁹         -   independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or             unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₈-alkyl,             C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl, C₁-C₈-alkylene-C₁-C₄-alkoxy,             mono- or bisalkylaminoalkylene or acylaminoalkylene radical             or an optionally substituted aryl, heterocycloalkyl,             heterocycloalkenyl, hetaryl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl,             C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, arylalkyl,             C₁-C₄-alkyleneheterocycloalkyl,             C₁-C₄-alkyleneheterocycloalkenyl or hetarylalkyl radical, or             a radical —SO₂—R_(G) ¹¹, —CO—OR_(G) ¹¹, —CO—NR_(G) ¹¹* or             —CO—R_(G) ¹¹ which is independent of R_(G) ¹¹     -   Z¹, Z², Z³, Z⁴,         -   independently of one another are nitrogen, C—H, C-halogen or             a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted             C—C₁-C₄-alkyl or C—C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical,     -   Z⁵ is NR_(A) ⁸, oxygen or sulfur.

In a further very particularly preferred embodiment, the structural element A is a structural element of the formula I_(A) ¹, I_(A) ⁴, I_(A) ⁸, or I_(A) ¹⁷.

A branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical for R_(A) ¹ or R_(A) ² independently of one another is understood as meaning, for example, the corresponding radicals described above for R_(G) ¹, preferably methyl or trifluoromethyl.

For R_(A) ¹ or R_(A) ² in the structural elements I_(A) ¹, I_(A) ², I_(A) ³ and I_(A) ¹⁷, the branched or unbranched, optionally substituted radical CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl is composed, for example, of the group CO and the branch d or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radicals described above for R_(A) ¹ or R_(A) ².

Optionally substituted hetaryl, hetarylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radicals for R_(A) ¹ or R_(A) ² independently of one another are understood as meaning, for example, the corresponding radicals described above for R_(G) ⁷.

For R_(A) ¹ or R_(A) ², the optionally substituted radicals CO—O—R_(A) ¹⁴, O—R_(A) ¹⁴, S—R_(A) ¹⁴, NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or SO₂NR_(A) ¹⁶R_(A) ¹⁶ are composed, for example, of the groups CO—O, O, S, N, CO—N or SO₂—N and the radicals R_(A) ¹⁴, R_(A) ¹⁵ or R_(A) ¹⁶ described in greater detail below.

Further, both radicals R_(A) ¹ and R_(A) ² can together form a fused, optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered, unsaturated or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S.

R_(A) ¹³ and R_(A) ¹³* are independently of one another hydrogen, CN,

halogen, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical, such as described above for R_(G) ¹, preferably methyl or trifluoromethyl or an optionally substituted aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl or C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or a radical CO—O—R_(A) ¹⁴, O—R_(A) ¹⁴, S—R_(A) ¹⁴, NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶, SO₂NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or CO—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ as in each case described above for R_(A) ¹.

Preferred radicals for R_(A) ¹³ and R_(A) ¹³* are the radicals hydrogen, F, Cl, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical, optionally substituted aryl or arylalkyl or a radical CO—O—R_(A) ¹⁴, O—R_(A) ¹⁴, NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶, SO₂—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or CO—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶.

A branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, alkylenecycloalkyl, alkylene-C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₂-C₆-alkenyl or C₂-C₆-alkynyl radical for R_(A) ¹⁴ in structural element A is understood as meaning, for example, the corresponding radicals described above for R_(G) ⁷.

Optionally substituted aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl or alkylhetaryl radicals for R_(A) ¹⁴ in structural element A are understood as meaning, for example, the corresponding radicals described above for R_(G) ⁷.

Preferred radicals for R_(A) ¹⁴ are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical and optionally substituted benzyl.

A branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl or arylalkyl radical or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical for R_(A) ¹⁵ or R_(A) ¹⁶ independently of one another is understood as meaning, for example, the corresponding radicals described above for R_(A) ¹⁴.

The branched or unbranched, optionally substituted CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl, COO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—NH—C₁-C₆-alkyl, COO-alkylenearyl, CO—NH-alkylenearyl, CO—NH-alkylenehetaryl or SO₂-alkylenearyl radicals or the optionally substituted CO-aryl, SO₂-aryl, CO—NH-aryl, CO—NH-hetaryl or CO-hetaryl radicals for R_(A) ¹⁵ or R_(A) ¹⁶ are composed, for example, of the corresponding groups —CO—, —SO₂—, —CO—O—, —CO—NH— and the corresponding branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, hetarylalkyl or arylalkyl radicals or the corresponding optionally substituted aryl or hetaryl radicals described above.

A radical —(CH₂)_(n)—(X_(A))j—R_(A) ¹² for R_(A) ³ or R_(A) ⁴ independently of one another is understood as meaning a radical which is composed of the corresponding radicals —(CH₂)_(n)—, (X_(A))j and R_(A) ¹². Here, n can be: 0, 1, 2 or 3 and j can be: 0 or 1.

X_(A) is a doubly bonded radical selected from the group consisting of —CO—, —CO—N(R_(x) ¹)—, —N(R_(x) ¹)—CO—, —N(R_(x) ¹)—CO—N(R_(x) ¹*)-, —N(R_(x) ¹)—CO—O—, —O—, —S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂—N(R_(X) ¹)—, —SO₂—O—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—N(R_(X) ¹)—, —NR_(X) ¹)— or —N(R_(X) ¹)—SO₂—.

R_(A) ¹² is hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical, as described above for R_(G) ⁷, a C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₂-C₆-alkenyl radical optionally substituted by C₁-C₄-alkyl or aryl, or a 3- to 6-membered, saturated or unsaturated heterocycle which is substituted by up to three identical or different radicals and can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, such as optionally substituted 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-pyrimidyl, 6-pyrimidyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 4-pyrazolyl, 5-pyrazolyl, 3-isothiazolyl, 4-isothiazolyl, 5-isothiazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 5-imidazolyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl, 6-pyridazinyl, 2-(1,3,4-thiadiazolyl), 2-(1,3,4)-oxadiazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, triazinyl.

Further, R_(A) ¹² and R_(X) ¹ or R_(x) ¹* can together form a saturated or unsaturated C₃-C₇-heterocycle which can optionally contain up to two further heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N.

Preferably, the radical R_(A) ¹² together with the radical R_(X) ¹ or R_(X) ¹* forms a cyclic amine as the C₃-C₇-heterocycle in the case where the radicals are bonded to the same nitrogen atom, such as N-pyrrolidinyl, N-piperidinyl, N-hexahydroazepinyl, N-morpholinyl or N-piperazinyl, where in heterocycles which carry free amine protons, such as N-piperazinyl, the free amine protons can be replaced by customary amine protective groups, such as methyl, benzyl, Boc (tert-butoxycarbonyl), z (benzyloxycarbonyl), tosyl, —SO₂—C₁-C₄-alkyl, —SO₂-phenyl or —SO₂-benzyl.

A branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, preferably C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₂-C₆-alkenyl radical, an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or hetaryl radical for R_(X) ¹ and R_(X) ¹* independently of one another is understood as meaning, for example, the corresponding radicals described above for R_(G) ⁷.

Preferred branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkoxyalkyl for R_(X) ¹ and R_(X) ¹* are independently of one another methoxymethylene, ethoxymethylene, t-butoxymethylene, methoxyethylene or ethoxyethylene.

Preferred branched or unbranched, optionally substituted radicals CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl, SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—O-alkylenearyl, CO-alkylenearyl, CO-aryl, SO₂-aryl, CO-hetaryl or SO₂-alkylenearyl are preferably composed of the C₁-C₆-alkyl, arylalkyl, aryl or hetaryl radicals and the radicals —CO—, —O—, —SO₂— described above.

Preferred radicals for R_(X) ¹ and R_(x) ¹* are independently of one another hydrogen, methyl, cyclopropyl, alkyl and propargyl.

R_(A) ³ and R_(A) ⁴ can further together form a 3- to 8-membered saturated, unsaturated or aromatic N heterocycle which can additionally contain two further, identical or different heteroatoms O, N or S, where the cycle can be optionally substituted or a further, optionally substituted, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic cycle can be fused to this cycle.

R_(A) ⁵ is a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, arylalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkyl-C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl or C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or an optionally substituted aryl, hetaryl, heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl radical, such as described above for R_(G) ⁷.

R_(A) ⁶ and R_(A) ⁶* are independently of one another hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted

C₁-C₄-alkyl radical, such as optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl or 1,1-dimethylethyl, —CO—O—C₁-C₄-alkyl or —CO—C₁-C₄-alkyl radical such as composed of the group —CO—O— or —CO— and the C₁-C₄-alkyl radicals described above, arylalkyl radical, as described above for R_(G) ⁷, —CO—O-alkylenearyl or —CO-alkylenearyl radical such as composed of the group —CO—O— or —CO— and the arylalkyl radicals described above, —CO—O-allyl or —CO-allyl radical, or C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical, such as described above for R_(G) ⁷.

Further, both radicals R_(A) ⁶ and R_(A) ⁶* in structural element I_(A) ⁷ can together form an optionally substituted, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle which, in addition to the ring nitrogen, can contain up to two further different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S.

R_(A) ⁷ is hydrogen, —OH, —CN, —CONH₂, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl radical, for example as described above for R_(A) ⁶, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, arylalkyl or C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical, for example as described above for R_(L) ¹⁴, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted —O—CO—C₁-C₄-alkyl radical, which is composed of the group —O—CO— and, for example, of the C₁-C₄-alkyl radicals mentioned above or an optionally substituted —O-alkylenearyl, —O—CO-aryl, —O—CO-alkylenearyl or —O—CO-allyl radical which is composed of the groups —O— or —O—CO— and, for example, of the corresponding radicals described above for R_(G) ⁷.

Further, both radicals R_(A) ⁶ and R_(A) ⁷ can together form an optionally substituted unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle which, in addition to the ring nitrogen, can contain up to two further different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S.

For R_(A) ⁸ in structural element A, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted aryl or arylalkyl radical is understood as meaning, for example, the corresponding radicals described above for R_(A) ¹⁵, where the radicals C₀-C_(a)—C₄-alkyl, SO₂—C₁-C₄-alkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₄-alkyl, CO-aryl, SO₂-aryl, CO—O-aryl, CO-alkylenearyl, SO₂-alkylenearyl or CO—O-alkylenearyl are composed analogously to the other composed radicals of the group consisting of CO, SO₂ and COO and, for example, of the corresponding C₁-C₄-alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl radicals described above for R_(A) ¹⁵, and these radicals can be optionally substituted.

In each case, for R_(A) ⁹ or R_(A) ¹⁰, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl or C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical independently of one another is understood as meaning, for example, the corresponding radicals described above for R_(A) ¹⁴, preferably methyl or trifluoromethyl.

In each case, for R_(A) ⁹ or R_(A) ¹⁰, a radical CO—O—R_(A) ¹⁴, S—R_(A) ¹⁴, SO₂—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or CO—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ independently of one another is understood as meaning, for example, the corresponding radicals described above for R_(A) ¹³.

Further, both radicals R_(A) ⁹ and R_(A) ¹⁰ together in structural element I_(A) ¹⁴ can form a 5- to 7-membered saturated, unsaturated or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle, which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and is optionally substituted by up to three identical or different radicals.

Substituents in this case are in particular understood as meaning halogen, CN, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl radical, such as methyl or trifluoromethyl, or the radicals O—R_(A) ¹⁴, S—R_(A) ¹⁴, NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or ((R_(A) ⁸)HN)C═N—R_(A) ⁷.

A branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or a radical CO—O—R_(A) ¹⁴, O—R_(A) ¹⁴, S—R_(A) ¹⁴, NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶, SO₂—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or CO—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ for R_(A) ¹¹ is understood, for example, as meaning the corresponding radicals described above for R_(A) ⁹.

Further, in structural element I_(A) ¹⁶, both radicals R_(A) ⁹ and R_(A) ¹⁷ together can form a 5- to 7-membered saturated, unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle which, in addition to the ring nitrogen, can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and is optionally substituted by up to three identical or different radicals.

A branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₈-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl, C₁-C₅-alkylene-C₁-C₄-alkoxy, mono- or bisalkylaminoalkylene or acylaminoalkylene radical or an optionally substituted aryl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, hetaryl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkyleneheterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkyleneheterocycloalkenyl or hetarylalkyl radical, or a radical —SO₂—R_(G) ¹¹, —CO—OR_(G) ¹¹, —CO—NR_(G) ¹¹R_(G) ¹¹ for —CO—R_(G) ¹¹R_(G) ¹¹ for R_(A) ¹⁸ and R_(A) ¹⁹ independently of one another is understood as meaning, for example, the radicals described above for R_(G) ¹², preferably hydrogen or a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₈-alkyl radical.

Z¹, Z², Z³, Z⁴ are independently of one another nitrogen, C—H, C-halogen, such as C—F, C—Cl, C-Br or C—I or a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C—C₁-C₄-alkyl radical which is composed of a carbon radical and, for example, a C₁-C₄-alkyl radical described above for R_(A) ⁶ or a branched or unbranched optionally substituted C—C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical which is composed of a carbon radical and, for example, a C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical described above for R_(A) ⁷.

Z⁵ is oxygen, sulfur or a radical NR_(A) ⁸.

Preferred structural elements A are composed of at least one preferred radical of the radicals belonging to the structural element A, while the remaining radicals are widely variable.

Particularly preferred structural elements A are composed of the preferred radicals of the structural element A.

In a preferred embodiment, the spacer structural element E is understood as meaning a structural element that consists of a branched or unbranched aliphatic C₂-C₃₀-hydrocarbon radical which is optionally substituted and contains heteroatoms and/or of a 4- to 20-membered aliphatic or aromatic mono- or polycyclic hydrocarbon radical which is optionally substituted and contains heteroatoms.

In a further preferred embodiment, the spacer structural element E is composed of two to four substructural elements, selected from the group consisting of E¹ and E², where the sequence of linkage of the substructural elements is arbitrary and E¹ and E² have the following meanings:

-   -   E¹ is a substructural element of the formula I_(E1)

-(Y_(E))_(k1)—(CR_(E) ¹R_(E) ²)_(c)-(Q_(E))_(k2)-(CR_(E) ³R_(E) ⁴)_(d)-  I_(E1)

-   -   -   and

    -   E² is a substructural element of the formula I_(E2)

-(NR_(E) ¹¹)_(k3)-(CR_(E) ⁵R_(E) ⁶)_(f)-(Z_(E))_(k4)-(CR_(E) ⁷R_(E) ⁸)_(g)-(X_(E))_(k5)—(CR_(E) ⁹R_(E) ¹⁰)_(h)-(NR_(E) ¹¹*)_(k6)-  I_(E2),

-   -   where     -   c, d, f, g, h         -   independently of one another are 0, 1 or 2,     -   k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6         -   independently of one another are 0 or 1,     -   X_(E), Q_(E)         -   independently of one another are an optionally substituted             4- to 11-membered mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic             hydrocarbon which can contain up to 6 double bonds and up to             6 identical or different heteroatoms selected from the group             consisting of N, O and S, where the ring carbons and/or the             ring nitrogens can optionally be substituted,     -   Y_(E), Z_(E)         -   independently of one another are CO, —N(R_(E) ¹¹)—,             CO—NR_(E) ¹², NR_(E) ¹²-CO, sulfur, SO, SO₂, SO₂—NR_(E)             ¹²-SO₂, CS, CS—NR_(E) ¹², —C(R_(E) ¹³) (CR_(E) ¹²)-, NR_(E)             ¹²-CS, CS—O, O—CS, CO—O, O—CO, oxygen, ethynylene, CR_(E)             ¹³-O—CR_(E) ¹⁴, C(═CR_(E) ¹³R_(E) ¹⁴), CR_(E) ¹³═CR_(E) ¹⁴,             —CR_(E) ¹³(OR_(E) ¹⁵)—CHR_(E) ¹⁴- or —CHR_(E) ¹³-CR_(E) ¹⁴             (OR_(E) ¹⁵),     -   R_(E) ¹, R_(E) ², R_(E) ³, R_(E) ⁴, R_(E) ⁵, R_(E) ⁶, R_(E) ⁷,         R_(E) ⁸, R_(E) ⁹, R_(E) ¹⁰         -   independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen, a             hydroxyl group, a branched or unbranched, optionally             substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or             alkylenecycloalkyl radical, a radical             —(CH₂)_(x)—(W_(E))_(z)—R_(E) ¹⁷, an optionally substituted             C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl             radical or independently of one another in each case two             radicals R_(E) ¹ and R_(E) ² or R_(E) ³ and R_(E) ⁴ or R_(E)             ⁵ and R_(E) ⁶ or R_(E) ⁷ and R_(E) ⁸ or R_(E) ¹⁰ and R_(E)             ¹⁰ together are a 3- to 7-membered, optionally substituted,             saturated or unsaturated carbocycle or heterocycle which can             contain up to three heteroatoms selected from the group             consisting of O, N and S,     -   x is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.     -   z is 0 or 1,     -   W_(E) is —CO—, —CO—N(R_(W) ²)—, —N(R_(W) ²)—CO—, N(R_(W)         ²)CO—N(R_(W) ²*), —N(R_(W) ²)—CO—O—, —O, —S—, —SO₂—,         —SO₂—N(R_(W) ²)—, —SO₂—O—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—N(R_(W) ²)—,         —N(R_(W) ²)— or —N(R_(W) ²)—SO₂—,     -   R_(W) ², R_(W) ²*         -   independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or             unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl,             C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₈-alkynyl, CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl,             CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl or SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally             substituted hetaryl, hetarylalkyl, arylalkyl,             C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, CO—O-alkylenearyl, CO-alkylenearyl,             CO-aryl, SO₂-aryl, CO-hetaryl or SO₂-alkylenearyl radical,     -   R_(E) ¹⁷ is hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, CN, halogen, a branched         or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical, an         optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, hetaryl or         arylalkyl radical, a C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₂-C₆-alkenyl radical         optionally substituted by C₁-C₄-alkyl or aryl, an optionally         substituted C₆-C₁₂-bicycloalkyl, C₁-C₆-alkylene-C₆-C₁₂         bicycloalkyl, C₇-C₂₀-tricycloalkyl or         C₁-C₆-alkylene-C₇-C₂₀-tricycloalkyl radical, or a 3- to         8-membered, saturated or unsaturated heterocycle substituted by         up to three identical or different radicals, which can contain         up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, where         two radicals together can be a fused, saturated, unsaturated or         aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three         different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and the cycle can         optionally be substituted or a further, optionally substituted,         saturated, unsaturated or aromatic cycle can be fused to this         cycle, or the radical R_(E) ¹⁷ forms, together with R_(W) ² or         R_(W) ²* a saturated or unsaturated C₃-C₇-heterocycle which can         optionally contain up to two further heteroatoms selected from         the group consisting of O, S and N,     -   R_(E) ¹¹, R_(E) ¹¹*         -   independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or             unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl,             C₁-C₆-alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl,             CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—NH—C₁-C₆-alkoxyalkyl,             CO—NH—C₁-C₆-alkyl or SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an             optionally substituted hetaryl, arylalkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl,             CO—O-alkylenearyl, CO—NH-alkylenearyl, CO-alkylenearyl,             CO-aryl, CO—NH-aryl, SO₂-aryl, CO-hetaryl, SO₂-alkylenearyl,             SO₂-hetaryl or SO₂-alkylenehetaryl radical,     -   R_(E) ¹² is hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally         substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₈-alkynyl radical,         an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, hetaryl, arylalkyl         or hetarylalkyl radical or a radical CO—R_(E) ¹⁶, COOR_(E) ¹⁶ or         SO₂—R_(E) ¹⁶,     -   R_(E) ¹³, R_(E) ¹⁴         -   independently of one another are hydrogen, a hydroxyl group,             a branched for unbranched, optionally substituted             C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or             alkylenecycloalkyl radical or an optionally substituted             C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl             radical,     -   R_(E) ¹⁵ is hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally         substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or         alkylenecycloalkyl radical or an optionally substituted         C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl         radical,     -   R_(E) ¹⁶ is hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, a branched or         unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl,         C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₁-C₅-alkylene-C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical, or an         optionally substituted aryl, heterocycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkenyl, hetaryl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl,         C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, arylalkyl,         C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-heterocycloalkyl,         C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-heterocycloalkenyl or hetarylalkyl radical.

The coefficient c is preferably 0 or 1, the coefficient d is preferably 1 or 2, the coefficients f, g, h independently of one another are preferably 0 or 1 and k⁶ is preferably 0.

An optionally substituted 4- to 11-membered mono- or polycyclic aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon which can contain up to 6 double bonds and up to 6 identical or different heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, where the ring carbons or ring nitrogens can optionally be substituted, for Q_(E) and X_(E) independently of one another is preferably understood as meaning optionally substituted arylene, such as optionally substituted phenylene or naphthylene, or optionally substituted hetarylene such as the radicals.

and their substituted or fused derivatives, or radicals of the formulae I_(E) ¹ to I_(E) ¹¹,

where the incorporation of the radicals can take place in both orientations. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are understood as meaning, for example, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Z⁶ and Z⁷ are independently of one another CH or nitrogen.

Z⁸ is oxygen, sulfur or NH,

Z⁹ is oxygen, sulfur or NR_(E) ²⁰.

r1, r2, r3 and t are independently of one another 0, 1, 2 or 3.

s and u are independently of one another 0, 1 or 2.

Particularly preferably X_(E) and Q_(E) independently of one another are optionally substituted phenylene, a radical

and their substituted or fused derivatives, or radicals of the formulae I_(E) ¹, I_(E) ², I_(E) ³, I_(E) ⁴ and I_(E) ⁷, where the incorporation of the radicals can take place in both orientations.

R_(E) ¹⁸ and R_(E) ¹⁹ are independently of one another hydrogen, —NO₂, —NH₂, —CN, —COOH, a hydroxyl group, halogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or alkylenecycloalkyl radical or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical, as in each case described above.

R_(E) ²⁰ is, independently of one another, hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxyalkyl, C₃-C₁₂-alkynyl, CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl or SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, CO—O-alkylenearyl, CO-alkylenearyl, CO-aryl, SO₂-aryl, hetaryl, CO-hetaryl or SO₂-alkylenearyl radical, preferably hydrogen or a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical.

Y_(E) and Z_(E) are independently of one another CO, —N(R_(E) ¹¹)-, CO—NR_(E) ¹², NR_(E) ¹²-CO, sulfur, SO, SO₂, SO₂—NR_(E) ¹², NR_(E) ¹²-SO₂, CS, CS—NR_(E) ¹², NR_(E) ¹²-CS, CS—O, O—CS, CO—O, O—CO, oxygen, ethynylene, C(R_(E) ¹³) (CR_(E) ¹⁴) CR_(E) ¹³-O—CR_(E) ¹⁴, C(═CR_(E) ¹³R_(E) ¹⁴), CR_(E) ¹³═CR_(E) ¹⁴, —CR_(E) ¹³ (OR_(E) ¹⁵)—CHR_(E) ¹⁴- or —CHR_(E) ¹³-CR_(E) ¹⁴ (OR_(E) ¹⁵)-,

preferably oxygen, —N(R_(E) ¹¹)—, —C(R_(E) ¹³) (CR_(E) ¹⁴)-, CO—NR_(E) ¹², NR_(E) ¹²-CO, SO₂—NR_(E) ¹², NR_(E) ¹²-SO₂ or CR_(E) ¹³CR_(E) ¹⁴ particularly preferably oxygen, —N(R_(E) ¹¹)-, —C(R_(E) ¹³) (CR_(E) ¹⁴)-, CO—NR_(E) ¹² or NR_(E) ¹²-CO.

R_(E) ¹² is hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl or C₂-C₈-alkynyl radical or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, hetaryl, arylalkyl or hetarylalkyl radical, such as correspondingly described above for R_(G) or a radical CO—R_(E) ¹⁶, COOR_(E) ¹⁶ or SO₂—R_(E) ¹⁶, preferably hydrogen, methyl, allyl, propargyl and cyclopropyl.

A branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl or C₂-C₆-alkynyl radical or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical for R_(E) ¹³, R_(E) ¹⁴ or R_(E) ¹⁵ independently of one another is understood as meaning, for example, the corresponding radicals described above for R_(G) ⁷.

A branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical for R_(E) ¹³ or R_(E) ¹⁴ independently of one another is understood as meaning, for example, the C₁-C₄-alkoxy radicals described above for R_(A) ¹⁴.

Preferred alkylenecycloalkyl radicals for R_(E) ¹³, R_(E) ¹⁴ or R_(E) ¹⁵ independently of one another are, for example, the C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radicals described above for R_(G) ⁷.

A branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₁-C₅-alkylene-C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical, or an optionally substituted aryl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, hetaryl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-heterocycloalkenyl or hetarylalkyl radical for R_(E) ¹⁶ is understood as meaning, for example, the corresponding radicals described above for R_(G) ¹¹.

A branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or alkylenecycloalkyl radical or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl, or hetarylalkyl radical for R_(E) ¹, R_(E) ², R_(E) ³, R_(E) ⁴, R_(E) ⁵, R_(E) ⁶, R_(E) ⁷, R_(E) ⁸, R_(E) ⁹, or R_(E) ¹⁰ independently of one another is understood as meaning, for example, the corresponding radicals mentioned above for R_(G)7.

Further, two radicals R_(E) ³ and R_(E) ⁴ or R_(E) ⁵ and R_(E) ⁶ or R_(E) ⁷ and R_(E) ⁸ or R_(E) ⁹ and R_(E) ¹⁰ can in each case independently of one another together form a 3- to 7-membered, optionally substituted, saturated or unsaturated carbo- or heterocycle which can contain up to three heteroatoms from the group consisting of O, N and S.

The radical —(CH₂)_(x)—(W_(E))_(z)—R_(E) ¹⁷ is composed of a C₀-C₄-alkylene radical, optionally a bonding element W_(E) selected from the group consisting of

—CO—, —CO—N(R_(w) ²)—, N(R_(w) ²)—CO—, —N(R_(w) ²)—CO—N(R_(w) ²*)-, N(R₁ ²)—CO—O—, —O—, —S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂—N(R_(w) ²)—, —SO₂—O—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—N(R_(w) ²)—, —N(R_(w) ²)—SO₂—, preferably selected from the group consisting of —CO—N(R_(w) ²)-, —N(R_(w) ²)—CO—, —O—, —SO₂—N(R_(W) ²)—, —N(R_(W) ²)— and —N(R_(w) ²)—SO₂—, and the radical R_(E) ¹⁷, where

R_(w) ² and R_(w) ²*

independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₈-alkynyl, CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl or SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted hetaryl, hetarylalkyl, arylalkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, CO—O-alkylenearyl, CO-alkylenearyl, CO-aryl, SO₂-aryl, CO-hetaryl or SO₂-alklenearyl radical, preferably independently of on another are hydrogen, methyl, cyclopropyl, allyl, propargyl, and

R_(E) ¹⁷

is hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, CN, halogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁—C6-alkyl radical, an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, hetaryl or arylalkyl radical, a C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₂-C₆-alkenyl radical optionally substituted by C₁-C₄-alkyl or aryl, an optionally substituted C₆-C₁₂-bicycloalkyl, C₁-C₆-alkylene-C₆-C₁₂-bicycloalkyl, C₇-C₂₀-tricycloalkyl or C₁-C₆-alkylene-C₇-C₂₀-tricycloalkyl radical, or a 3- to 8-membered, saturated or unsaturated heterocycle substituted by up to three identical or different radicals, which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, where two radicals can together be a fused, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, and the cycle can optionally be substituted or a further, optionally substituted, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic cycle can be fused to this cycle, such as optionally substituted 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 2-pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-pyrimidyl, 6-pyrimidyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 4-pyrazolyl, 5-pyrazolyl, 3-isothiazolyl, 4-isothiazolyl, 5-isothiazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 5-imidazolyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl, 6-pyridazinyl, 2-(1,3,4-thiadiazolyl), 2-(1,3,4)-oxadiazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl or triazinyl.

Further, R_(E) ¹⁷ and R_(w) ² or R_(w) ²* can together form a saturated or unsaturated C₃-C₇-heterocycle which can optionally contain up to two further heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N.

Preferably, the radicals R_(E) ¹⁷ and R_(w) ² or R_(w) ²* together form a cyclic amine as the C₃-C₇-heterocycle in the case where the radicals are bonded to the same nitrogen atom, such as N-pyrrolidinyl, N-piperidinyl, N-hexahydroazepinyl, N-morpholinyl or N-piperazinyl where in heterocycles which carry free amine protons, such as N-piperazinyl, the free amino protons can be replaced by customary amine protective groups, such as methyl, benzyl, Boc (tert-butoxycarbonyl), Z (benzyloxycarbonyl), tosyl, —SO₂—C₁-C₄-alkyl, —SO₂-phenyl or —SO₂-benzyl.

Preferred radicals for R_(E) ¹, R_(E) ², R_(E) ³, R_(E) ⁴, R_(E) ⁵, R_(E) ⁶, R_(E) ⁷, R_(E) ⁸, R_(E) ⁹ or R_(E) ¹⁰ are independently of one another hydrogen, halogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical, 17 optionally substituted aryl or the radical —(CH₂)_(x)—(W_(E))_(z)—R_(E) ¹⁷.

Particularly preferred radicals for R_(E) ¹, R_(E) ², R_(E) ³, R_(E) ⁴, R_(E) ⁵, R_(E) ⁶, R_(E) ⁷, R_(E) ⁸, R_(E) ⁹ or R_(E) ¹⁰ are independently of one another hydrogen, F, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl radical, in particular methyl.

A branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl or arylalkyl radical or an optionally substituted aryl, hetaryl or C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl for R_(E) ¹¹ and R_(E) ¹¹* in structural element E independently of one another is understood as meaning, for example, the corresponding radicals described above for R_(G)7.

The branched or unbranched, optionally substituted radicals CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—NH—C₁-C₆-alkoxyalkyl, CO—NH—C₁-C₆-alkyl or SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl, radical or the optionally substituted radicals CO—O-alkylenearyl, CO—NH-alkylenearyl, CO-alkylenearyl, CO-aryl, CO—NH-aryl, SO₂-aryl, CO-hetaryl, SO₂-alkylenehetaryl for R_(E) ¹¹ and R_(E) ¹¹* independently of one another are composed, for example, of the corresponding groups CO, COO, CONH, or SO₂ and the corresponding radicals mentioned above.

Preferred radicals for R_(E) ¹¹ or R_(E) ¹¹* are independently of one another hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxy, C₂-C₆,-alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl or arylalkyl radical, or an optionally substituted hetaryl or C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical.

Particularly preferred radicals for R_(E) ¹¹ or R_(E) ¹¹* are hydrogen, methyl, cyclopropyl, allyl or propargyl.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of structural element E₁, structural element E₁ is a radical —CH₂—CH₂—CO—, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CO— or a C₁-C₅-alkylene radical.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of structural element E, the spacer structural element E used is a structural element of the formula I_(E1E2)

-E₂-E₁-  I_(E1E2)

where the structural elements E₂ and E₁ have the meanings described above.

Preferred structural elements E are composed of at least one preferred radical of the radicals belonging to structural element E, while the remaining radicals are widely variable.

Particularly preferred structural elements E are composed of the preferred radicals of structural element E.

Preferred structural elements B are composed either of the preferred structural element A, while E is widely variable or of the preferred structural element E, while A is widely variable.

The compounds of the formula I, and also the intermediates for their preparation, can have one or more asymmetric substituted carbon atoms. The compounds can be present as pure enantiomers or pure diastereomers or as a mixture thereof. The use of an enantiomerically pure compound as the active compound is preferred.

The compounds of the formula I can also be present in other tautomeric forms.

The compounds of the formula I can also be present in the form of physiologically tolerable salts.

The compounds of the formula I can also be present as prodrugs in a form in which the compounds of the formula I are liberated under physiological conditions. By way of example, reference may be made to the group T in structural element L, which in some cases contains groups which are hydrolyzable to the free carboxylic acid group under physiological conditions. Also suitable are derivatized structural elements B or A which liberate the structural element B or A respectively under physiological conditions.

In preferred compounds of the formula I, in each case one of the three structural elements B, G or L has the preferred range, while the remaining structural elements are widely variable.

In particularly preferred compounds of the formula I, in each case two of the three structural elements B, G or L have the preferred range, while the remaining structural elements are widely variable.

In very particularly preferred compounds of the formula I, in each case all three structural elements B, G or L have the preferred range, while the remaining structural element is widely variable.

Preferred compounds of the formula I contain, for example, the preferred structural element G, while the structural elements B and L are widely variable.

In particularly preferred compounds of the formula I, for example, B is replaced by the structural element A-E- and the compounds contain, for example, the preferred structural element G and the preferred structural element A, while the structural elements E and L are widely variable.

Further particularly preferred compounds of the formula I contain, for example, the preferred structural element G and preferred structural element A, while the structural elements E and L are widely variable.

Very particular preferred compounds of the formula I in which A-E- is B- re listed below, the number before the text block being the number of an individualized compound of the formula I, and in the text block A-E-G-L the abbreviations being separated by a bonding dash in each case for an individual structural element A, E, G or L and the meaning of the abbreviates of the structural elements being explained after the table.

No. A-E-G-L 1 bhs-but-noh-es 2 im-ampap-noh-as 3 bhs-n3o-cmh-gs 4 bim-n4o-npy-ps 5 mam2py-ampip-npy-es 6 mam2py-ampap-cmh-as 7 bim-ediao-nm-as 8 bhs-ampip-cmm-ps 9 mam2py-n5o-nm-as 10 mam2py-pro-nmtf-as 11 mam2py-pipeme2-cmm-es 12 mam2py-apam-nmom-es 13 bhs-n4o-cmm-gs 14 bhs-n4o-npy-gs 15 bhs-n3o-nom-ps 16 dhim-but-nmtf-es 17 mam2py-but-npy-as 18 2py-ampip-noh-gs 19 mam2py-pipa2-cmm-es 20 bhs-n5o-nmtf-gs 21 bhs-pipeme2-nc11-ps 22 2py-buy-npy-es 23 mam2py-pipeme2-cmm-ps 24 mam2py-ampap-noh-es 25 bim-pipeme2-nml-gs 26 2py-ampip-cmm-es 27 mam2py-ampap-nm-es 28 2py-eam-nm-es 29 bhs-penta-noh-ps 30 bhs-n4o-nmom-gs 31 mam2pyn4o-nomm-ps 32 bim-pipeme2-cmm-as 33 2py-ampip-cmm-gs 34 2py-a2o2o-cmh-as 35 2py-42thiaz2-nm-es 36 2py-42thiaz2-cmm-es 37 mam2py-pipeme2-nm-as 38 2py-n3o-nomm-ps 39 bhs-n4o-nm-as 40 bim-apam-nomm-ps 41 bim-42thiaz2-noh-es 42 bhs-but-nomm-ps 43 mam2py-apam-nomm-ps 44 bhs-pipeme2-cmh-gs 45 dhpyrr-n3o-nomm-ps 46 bim-pipa2-cmh-gs 47 bhs-42thiaz2-cmm-ps 48 2py-n4o-npy-ps 49 bim-pipeme2-cotf-gs 50 bim-n5o-nmtf-gs 51 2py-pipeme2-nm-es 52 bim-pipeme2-cmh-es 53 mam2py-n3o-nomm-as 54 2py-ampap-nm-gs 55 bhs-ampap-nm-as 56 bhs-ampip-npy-gs 57 mam2py-n3o-nm-gs 58 2py-a2o2o-nm-es 59 bhs-eam-cmm-ps 60 bhs-penta-nm-es 61 bim-n5o-cmh-es 62 mam2py-apam-cmm-ps 63 bim-ampap-noh-ps 64 bim-penta-npy-es 65 dhpyrr-but-nomm-gs 66 bim-n3o-npy-as 67 bim-n3o-noh-ps 68 mam2py-but-nm-gs 69 bhs-apam-cmm-as 70 bim-42thiaz2-nomm-ps 71 bhs-penta-nomm-es 72 2py-penta-cmh-as 73 bhs-apam-nmtf-as 74 bhs-n3o-noh-ps 75 2py-42thiaz2-cmh-as 76 bhs-mam3o-noh-as 77 mam2py-ampip-nomm-gs 78 2py-n3o-cmm-as 79 bim-but-nmtf-ps 80 mam2py-n4o-nth-es 81 mam2py-n4o-cmh-as 82 bim-but-nm-es 83 mam2py-n5o-noh-es 84 2py-penta-npy-gs 85 2py-apam-cmh-ps 86 2py-but-cmh-as 87 2py-apam-cmm-gs 88 bim-but-nomn-es 89 bhs-hexa-noh-as 90 2py-penta-nom-as 91 2py-ediao-npy-ps 92 mam2py-ampap-nmtf-gs 93 mam2py-n4o-npy-ms 94 bhs-ampip-cmh-as 95 2py-ampip-nm-ps 96 mam2py-but-cmm-as 97 2py-n3o-cmh-as 98 bim-n4o-cmh-gs 99 mam2py-apam-noh-as 100 bhs-but-cmh-as 101 bhs-n3o-npy-es 102 2py-apam-nm-ms 103 mam2py-ampip-nomm-as 104 bim-but-cmh-ps 105 bim-but-cmm-ps 106 bhs-but-npy-ps 107 bhs-ampip-nmtf-gs 108 bim-ampip-nm-ms 109 2py-n4o-cmh-gs 110 2py-ampap-cmm-gs 111 mam2py-n5o-nomm-gs 112 mam2py-pipeme2-cmh-ps 113 bim-ampip-nm-ps 114 mam2py-apam-npy-ps 115 bhs-but-nomm-es 116 mam2py-n4o-nom-es 117 mam2py-n3o-cmm-ps 118 him-penta-noh-es 119 bhs-n3o-noh-es 120 2py-mea3-cmh-as 121 mam2py-nzam-nomm-gs 122 bhs-hexa-nm-gs 123 mam2py-apam-cmh-es 124 2py-n4o-nomm-gs 125 bim-n3o-nmtf-as 126 2py-apam-nonn-ps 127 man2py-apam-cmh-as 128 bhs-ampap-cmm-gs 129 bhs-n3o-cmh-es 130 2py-pipeme2-cmh-as 131 2py-penta-cmm-gs 132 mam2py-n5o-npy-as 133 bim-n5o-cmm-gs 134 bim-ampip-npy-es 135 2py-pipeme2-cmm-gs 136 mam2py-n5o-cmm-es 137 2py-n4o-nm-gs 138 bhs-ampip-nomm-gs 139 mam2py-ampap-cmtf-gs 140 bhs-penta-nmtf-es 141 bhs-n5o-cmh-ps 142 mam2py-n4o-noh-ps 143 2py-but-cmm-gs 144 bim-apam-npy-as 145 bim-n5o-cmm-ps 146 bhs-penta-noh-es 147 bhs-pipeme2-npy-es 148 bim-pipeme2-cmm-ps 149 mam2py-ampap-npy-gs 150 mam2py-mam3o-cmm-es 151 bim-mam-nomm-ps 152 mam2py-pipeme2-cmh-gs 153 bim-n4o-nm-as 154 2py-diao-nomm-gs 155 2py-but-cmm-as 156 2py-apam-cmm-s 157 2py-n3o-nmtf-as 158 bhs-but-noh-ps 159 2py-but-nm-es 160 bim-n5am-nmtf-es 161 bim-n4o-nmtf-es 162 mam2py-but-noh-ps 163 2py-penta-nmtf-as 164 bim-pipeme2-nmtf-as 165 bim-n3o-cmh-gs 166 2py-pipeme2-cmh-ps 167 mam2py-a2o2o-nomm-gs 168 2py-but-nm-as 169 bim-ampap-nomm-gs 170 mam2py-ampip-nmtf-gs 171 bim-apam-nomm-as 172 bhs-n4o-npy-ps 173 him-but-noh-ps 174 bhs-penta-cmm-es 175 bhs-aaf-cmm-ps 176 2py-ampip-cmm-as 177 bim-n5o-noh-ms 178 2py-n5o-npy-es 179 mam2py-pipeme2-nm-gs 180 bhs-but-nm-ps 181 thpym-n5o-npy-ps 182 bhs-ampap-noh-as 183 bim-n3o-npy-ps 184 2py-ampap-npy-es 185 mam2py-n5o-cmh-as 186 bhs-penta-cmh-es 187 bhs-ampip-npy-ps 188 2py-n5o-cmh-gs 189 bim-but-cmh-es 190 mam2py-n3o-cmm-as 191 bim-but-nm-gs 192 mam2py-pipeme2-npy-as 193 mam2py-penta-cmh-as 194 bhs-ampip-nm-as 195 bim-pipeme2-nmom-gs 196 2py-penta-nm-ps 197 bhs-n3o-nc11-ps 198 2py-mea3-nm-es 199 2py-ampip-nmtf-es 200 2py-but-noh-as 201 mam2py-penta-npy-ps 202 bim-ampap-cmm-gs 203 bim-n5o-nmtf-ps 204 2py-n5o-nomm-es 205 bhs-ampap-cmh-es 206 bim-ampip-nth-as 207 bim-n5o-noh-es 208 bhs-n4o-npy-as 209 2py-n3o-nm-as 210 mam2py-but-cmh-as 211 him-n3o-nomm-ms 212 bhs-pipeme2-nm-es 213 mam2py-ampip-nm-es 214 2py-but-cmm-es 215 bim-ampap-nm-ps 216 bhs-ampap-cmh-as 217 bhs-but-nmtf-gs 218 bbs-mam3o-nmtf-ps 219 bhs-pipeme2-nm-as 220 2py-n5o-nmtf-as 221 2py-n5o-noh-gs 222 bim-n2am-nm-as 223 bhs-n5o-cmm-as 224 bha-ampip-nmtf-as 225 2py-n5o-npy-gs 226 im-but-nomm-gs 227 bim-ampip-npy-gs 228 bhs-ampip-nm-es 229 bim-n4o-npy-gs 230 bim-apam-nmtf-ps 231 2py-penta-npy-as 232 bim-penta-npy-gs 233 bim-n5o-noh-as 234 bim-aaf-nomm-ps 235 2py-apam-nmtf-gs 236 bim-n5o-npy-as 237 2py-n4o-nmtf-gs 238 bim-ampip-nmtf-ps 239 bim-penta-npy-as 240 2py-n4o-cmm-ps 241 bhs-pipeme2-noh-ps 242 2py-n5o-nomm-as 243 bhs-pro-nm-gs 244 2py-but-npy-as 245 2py-ampip-nomm-ps 246 mam2py-n5o-npy-ps 247 bim-ampap-cmh-ps 248 bim-mam3o-nm-as 249 bim-ampap-cmh-as 250 bim-n5o-nmtf-es 251 2py-pipeme2-nm-as 252 am2py-n4o-npy-es 253 bim-apam-nmtf-as 254 2py-ampip-nomm-gs 255 mam2py-n4o-noh-as 256 bhs-p nta-nm-as 257 2py-n4o-nomm-es 258 impy-penta-cmh-as 259 bhs-n3am-nm-gs 260 2py-penta-npy-es 261 2py-ampap-npy-gs 262 bim-n3o-npy-es 263 bim-but-nomm-ps 264 2py-penta-noh-as 265 bim-n3o-nml-ps 266 2py-n4o-nmtf-as 267 bim-n4o-cmm-es 268 am2py-n5o-noh-es 269 pippy-apam-cmm-es 270 2py-ampip-nmtf-gs 271 2py-ampap-cmm-as 272 bim-ampip-nomm-ps 273 mam2py-pipeme2-nmtf-es 274 impy-n3o-nmtf-ps 275 bim-ampip-nm-as 276 bim-n5am-nm-as 277 bhs-n3o-cmm-as 278 2py-n3o-cmh-es 279 mam2py-n4o-nmtf-es 280 bhs-ampap-cmh-gs 281 bhs-ampip-noh-gs 282 bhs-n5o-nomm-es 283 2py-n5o-noh-ps 284 2py-ampap-noh-ps 285 bim-n4o-cmm-as 286 2py-ampap-nmtf-gs 287 2py-edia2-npy-ps 288 mam2py-penta-nmtf-ps 289 bim-pipeme2-nmo-gs 290 bhs-n3o-nm-es 291 2py-n5o-cmm-es 292 bhs-apam-cmh-as 293 bim-diam-nomm-ps 294 2py-pipeme2-nmtf-as 295 bhs-penta-npy-es 296 bhs-n5o-npy-es 297 bim-n5o-cmh-gs 298 bhs-apam-noh-as 299 2py-but-cotf-gs 300 2py-n3o-noh-gs 301 mam2py-penta-noh-ps 302 bhs-n5o-nmtf-es 303 mam2py-apam-cmm-es 304 2py-n3o-nmtf-gs 305 mam2py-but-nmtf-gs 306 bim-n3o-cmm-ps 307 bhs-ampip-cmh-gs 308 bim-ampip-noh-es 309 mam2py-penta-nmtf-as 310 bhs-n2am-nmtf-ps 311 mam2py-n3o-nmtf-as 312 thpym-apam-cmm-es 313 2py-penta-cmh-ps 314 bhs-diam-cmm-ps 315 bim-but-cmm-gs 316 mam2py-ampap-nom-gs 317 him-but-nmtf-gs 318 bhs-pipeme2-nomm-gs 319 2py-ampip-npy-es 320 im-apam-cmm-es 321 bhs-penta-cmh-as 322 2py-n4o-nm-es 323 mam2py-ampap-noh-gs 324 mam2py-apam-nmtf-as 325 2py-eam-cmh-as 326 bim-but-cmh-gs 327 2py-n5o-npy-ms 328 2py-apam-noh-gs 329 2py-mam3o-nomm-gs 330 2py-n3o-npy-ps 331 2py-n5o-cmm-ps 332 bi-n3o-cotf-ps 333 mam2py-ediao-nmtf-as 334 bim-n5o-nm-es 335 bhs-ampap-noh-ms 336 2py-pipeme2-noh-es 337 bim-aaf-noh-es 338 mam2py-diam-npy-es 339 bim-pipeme2-nm-gs 340 2py-but-nmom-gs 341 mam2py-pipeme2-cmm-as 342 2py-n5o-cmm-gs 343 bhs-apam-nm-ps 344 bim-n3o-nm-gs 345 bhs-diam-nmtf-ps 346 pippy-pipeme2-cmh-gs 347 bhs-but-nmtf-es 348 am2py-pipeme2-cmm-ps 349 mam2py-n5o-npy-es 350 bhs-ampap-nomm-es 351 bim-n3o-nmo-ps 352 bhs-n4o-noh-as 353 bim-mea3-nomm-ps 354 bhs-penta-cmm-ps 355 bim-n3am-nomm-ps 356 2py-n3am-cmm-es 357 dhim-ampap-nomm-gs 358 mam2py-n4o-npy-as 359 bim-ampip-nom-as 360 2py-n3o-nmtf-es 361 mam2py-pipeme2-cmm-gs 362 2py-pro-nomm-gs 363 2py-penta-nm-gs 364 mam2py-penta-nmo-as 365 bhs-ampap-nmtf-gs 366 2py-but-nm-ps 367 2py-n5am-nm-es 368 2py-penta-nmtf-gs 369 bim-n3am-nm-as 370 2py-penta-cmh-ms 371 bhs-n5o-nm-es 372 mam2py-n3o-nmtf-ps 373 bhs-n5am-nmtf-ps 374 bim-n4o-nm-gs 375 bhs-n5o-nm-as 376 bim-chex2-cmh-gs 377 mam2py-penta-nm-gs 378 2py-n5o-nm-gs 379 2py-pipeme2-npy-ps 380 mam2py-apam-nm-as 381 mam2py-ampip-npy-as 382 bim-a2o2o-nomm-ps 383 mam2py-ampap-noh-ps 384 bim-pipeme2-npy-es 385 bhs-pipeme2-npy-gs 386 mam2py-ampap-cmh-ps 387 bhs-ampap-nomm-gs 388 bim-apam-cmh-es 389 bhs-apam-cmh-es 390 thypm-n4o-nm-gs 391 2py-apam-cmh-as 392 im-ampip-nm-as 393 bhs-n3o-nomm-ps 394 mam2py-pipeme2-nomm-gs 395 bim-ampap-nomm-as 396 bim-penta-noh-gs 397 bim-a2o2o-noh-es 398 bim-pro-cmh-gs 399 mam2py-hexa-nmtf-as 400 bhs-ampip-npy-as 401 2py-pipeme2-noh-gs 402 2py-n3am-nomm-gs 403 bhs-apam-nmtf-ps 404 bim-n3am-cmh-gs 405 bim-pipeme2-nm-es 406 bim-n4o-nomm-gs 407 mam2py-but-cmm-ps 408 bim-n4o-nomm-as 409 bim-pipeme2-cmm-gs 410 bim-ampip-noh-gs 411 mam2py-n3o-npy-es 412 mam2py-ampip-noh-ps 413 bhs-penta-cmm-as 414 mam2py-penta-nomm-ps 415 bhs-penta-nomm-as 416 bhs-hexa-nmtf-ps 417 mam2py-n3o-cmh-ps 418 bhs-n4o-cmh-gs 419 bim-n5o-nm-ps 420 gua-penta-cmh-as 421 bhs-apam-cmh-ps 422 mam2py-pipeme2-cmh-es 423 2py-penta-cmh-gs 424 bim-n3o-nm-as 425 2py-pipeme2-nomm-ps 426 gua-but-nmtf-es 427 2py-ampap-npy-ps 428 2py-ampip-cmm-ms 429 bhs-but-cmm-es 430 2py-ampap-nomm-ps 431 bim-apam-nm-es 432 2py-chex2-npy-ps 433 bhs-ampip-nomm-as 434 mam2py-ampip-nomm-ps 435 bim-but-npy-ps 436 mam2py-pipeme2-nomm-es 437 mam2py-n3o-cmm-es 438 2py-mam-npy-ps 439 mam2py-edia2-cmm-es 440 bhs-n3o-nmtf-es 441 2py-n4o-npy-gs 442 2py-pipeme2-cmm-ps 443 bim-n5o-cmm-es 444 dhim-n5o-noh-es 445 gua-n5o-noh-es 446 mam2py-penta-cotf-as 447 2py-diam-cmm-es 448 mam2py-mea3-npy-es 449 bhs-apam-nomm-ps 450 mam2py-apam-nomm-as 451 bhs-ampap-nm-gs 452 mam2py-n5o-nmtf-es 453 mam2py-ampap-nm-gs 454 2py-n4o-cmh-es 455 bhs-pipeme2-nmtf-as 456 2py-ampap-cmm-ps 457 mam2py-neo-nomm-es 458 bim-n5o-nomm-as 459 2py-ampip-cotf-es 460 2py-n3o-nm-gs 461 2py-but-nmtf-es 462 bhs-n4o-nomm-es 463 mam2py-ediao-cmm-es 464 mam2py-penta-nmtf-gs 465 bhs-pipeme2-cmh-ps 466 bim-penta-noh-as 467 2py-apam-nmtf-as 468 2py-n4o-npy-es 469 2py-ampip-nomm-es 470 mam2py-apam-nomm-es 471 bhs-apam-npy-es 472 mam2py-ampap-nomm-es 473 mam2py-but-nm-es 474 mam2py-pro-cmm-es 475 mam2py-ampap-npy-ps 476 pippy-n4o-nm-gs 477 bhs-pipa2-noh-as 478 bhs-n5o-nm-ps 479 mam2py-n3am-nmtf-as 480 bim-n5o-nomm-ps 481 bim-n4o-nm-es 482 bhs-n5o-cmm-es 483 bhs-penta-npy-gs 484 bhs-ampip-npy-es 485 bim-penta-cmh-es 486 bhs-apam-npy-as 487 bhs-n4o-cmh-es 488 bhs-n3o-noh-gs 489 bim-pipeme2-nmtf-s 490 2py-chex2-nomm-gs 491 bim-penta-nmtf-ps 492 bim-n4o-npy-as 493 bim-ampap-nmtf-gs 494 bim-ampip-npy-as 495 2py-n3o-nomm-es 496 bim-ampap-cmh-gs 497 impy-ampap-nomm-gs 498 him-apam-nomm-es 499 2py-n4o-noh-ps 500 bhs-n5o-cmh-gs 501 bhs-penta-nmtf-gs 502 dhpyrr-ampip-cmm-es 503 2py-apam-nm-gs 504 mam2py-ampap-nomm-ms 505 2py-ampip-nm-as 506 bh-but-cmh-gs 507 mam2py-apam-nmtf-es 508 2py-n5o-nomm-gs 509 bim-ampap-nmtf-es 510 bhs-a2o2o-cmm-ps 511 mam2py-but-noh-es 512 2py-n3o-nm-es 513 bim-but-cmtf-es 514 2py-but-nmtf-gs 515 2py-pipeme2-nomm-gs 516 mam2py-ampap-nm-ps 517 2py-n5o-nmo-ps 518 2py-n3o-noh-ps 519 2py-apam-cmm-as 520 bhs-ampap-nmo-as 521 bim-mam-cmh-gs 522 2py-ampip-nmom-es 523 2py-apam-cmh-gs 524 bhs-n3o-npy-as 525 bim-but-noh-es 526 bhs-n5o-cmh-es 527 bhs-n5o-nomm-gs 528 bhs-penta-nm-ps 529 bhs-ampap-cmm-ps 530 bi-ediao-cmh-gs 531 mam2py-apam-nmtf-ps 532 2py-apam-nth-es 533 am2py-apam-nm-es 534 mam2py-n3o-npy-gs 535 2py-n3o-npy-es 536 bim-n3o-cmh-es 537 bim-pipeme2-noh-es 538 mam2py-penta-cmm-ps 539 bhs-pipa2-nm-gs 540 bhs-ampap-cotf-as 541 mam2py-but-npy-ps 542 bhs-n5o-npy-ps 543 dhpyrr-penta-nmtf-as 544 bhs-ampap-nmtf-as 545 mam2py-ampip-cmh-es 546 bim-apam-nm-gs 547 mam2py-ampap-cmm-as 548 2py-n5o-nmtf-ps 549 im-n3o-nomm-ps 550 bim-penta-nmtf-as 551 bim-n4o-nmtf-as 552 2py-apam-noh-es 553 bim-pipeme2-nomm-as 554 2py-n5o-nm-es 555 2py-penta-nomm-ps 556 bhs-ampap-cmh-ps 557 mam2py-mam-nmtf-as 558 bhs-penta-nm-gs 559 bim-ampip-npy-ps 560 2py-ampip-nm-gs 561 bim-mam3o-cmh-gs 562 mam2py-pipeme2-nomm-ps 563 bhs-n3o-cmh-as 564 bhs-pipeme2-nmtf-ps 565 2py-but-nmo-gs 566 bim-ampip-cmtf-as 567 bhs-ampap-noh-es 568 bim-pipeme2-npy-ps 569 mam2py-pipeme2-nmtf-gs 570 mam2py-ampap-nth-gs 571 bhs-apam-npy-gs 572 2py-penta-nm-as 573 mam2py-eam-nomm-gs 574 bhs-ampip-noh-as 575 2py-but-noh-es 576 dhim-n3o-nmtf-ps 577 mam2py-n4o-cmm-as 578 bim-eam-nmtf-es 579 bim-but-npy-as 580 bim-but-cmh-as 581 2py-ampip-noh-es 582 mam2py-pipeme2-noh-gs 583 bim-ampip-nc11-as 584 mam2py-ampip-nm-gs 585 2py-n5o-nm-ps 586 2py-pipeme2-npy-gs 587 bim-ampap-noh-gs 588 2py-ampap-nomm-es 589 2py-apam-nmtf-ps 590 bhs-penta-cmh-gs 591 bmi-penta-cmm-ps 592 bim-pipeme2-nomm-es 593 bhs-but-cmm-as 594 2py-ampap-nmtf-as 595 2py-ampap-cmm-es 596 bhs-n3o-cmm-ps 597 bim-n5o-noh-gs 598 mam2py-n4o-nmtf-gs 599 bim-pipeme2-cmh-ms 600 2py-n4o-nm-as 601 bhs-n4o-noh-gs 602 thypm-pipeme2-cmh-gs 603 bim-apam-noh-as 604 bhs-ampip-nmtf-ps 605 bhs-ampap-npy-gs 606 mam2py-ampap-nmtf-ps 607 2py-ampip-noh-ps 608 mam2py-n3am-cmm-es 609 2py-ampap-nm-ps 610 mam2py-apam-cotf-es 611 bhs-penta-npy-as 612 mam2py-n4o-npy-gs 613 mam2py-penta-nmtf-es 614 mam2py-n3o-cmh-es 615 bim-n3o-nomm-as 616 2py-ampip-cmh-gs 617 2py-n4o-noh-es 618 bhs-but-npy-as 619 bim-ampip-cmm-gs 620 am2py-ampap-nomm-gs 621 2py-ampap-nmtf-es 622 bim-n3o-noh-gs 623 bim-eam-nm-as 624 bim-n4o-cmm-gs 625 bhs-penta-nmtf-ps 626 2py-ampip-cmh-es 627 bim-but-npy-es 628 bhs-pipeme2-cmtf-ps 629 bhs-ampap-cmm-as 630 bim-ampap-nomm-es 631 bim-ampip-cmh-ps 632 2py-apam-nc11-es 633 mam2py-n3o-cmm-gs 634 mam2py-apam-nm-es 635 bhs-n5o-cmm-ps 636 pippy-n5o-npy-ps 637 bhs-n5o-nmtf-as 638 mam2py-n5o-nomm-as 639 bim-edia2-cmh-gs 640 bim-ampip-cmh-es 641 mam2py-pipeme2-nomm-as 642 him-n5o-nomm-gs 643 bhs-n3o-nm-as 644 2py-pipeme2-cmm-as 645 bhs-pipeme2-nmtf-gs 646 mam2py-penta-npy-gs 647 mam2py-n5o-cmm-ps 648 bim-n4o-nomm-ps 649 bhs-n4o-nomm-ps 650 2py-n3o-cmm-ps 651 2py-ampip-nmtf-ps 652 bhs-ediao-nm-gs 653 bim-ampap-nomm-ps 654 2py-ampap-nomm-gs 655 mam2py-ampip-noh-as 656 2py-ampap-nm-es 657 2py-apam-nomm-es 658 bim-n5o-nc11-es 659 mam2py-ampip-npy-ps 660 2py-n5o-cmh-as 661 bhs-ampap-nmom-as 662 bim-n5o-nomm-es 663 mam2py-n4o-cmh-ps 664 dhim-penta-cmh-as 665 bim-apam-cmh-as 666 2py-penta-noh-ps 667 bim-hexa-nm-as 668 2py-but-nomm-gs 669 bhs-n3o-nm-ps 670 mam2py-chex2-nmtf-as 671 bhs-edia2-nm-gs 672 bim-ampap-nmtf-ps 673 mam2py-n3o-nm-asa 674 bim-pipeme2-noh-as 675 bhs-pipeme2-nm-gs 676 bim-apam-cmm-as 677 impy-n4o-npy-es 678 bim-n4o-nomm-es 679 bim-ampip-nmtf-es 680 2py-ampap-cmh-as 681 mam2py-aaf-nomm-gs 682 bhs-apam-noh-es 683 bhs-ampip-nomm-ps 684 bhs-n3o-nomm-gs 685 bhs-apam-nmtf-es 686 bim-n4o-noh-ps 687 2py-mam3o-npy-ps 688 bim-ampap-npy-ps 689 im-n4o-nm-gs 690 him-but-nom-es 691 bhs-ampip-cmh-es 692 bhs-but-cmh-ps 693 2py-ampap-cmh-es 694 bhs-n5o-noh-as 695 2py-but-nomm-as 696 2py-n5o-cmh-ps 697 mam2py-ampap-nc11-gs 698 bim-apam-nomm-ps 699 2y-penta-cmh-es 700 bim-penta-nm-gs 701 bim-n5o-npy-gs 702 bhs-n3o-npy-ps 703 bhs-n3o-nmtf-ms 704 bhhs-mam-nm-gs 705 2py-ampip-npy-ps 706 dhim-n4o-npy-es 707 2py-n4o-cmm-gs 708 impy-but-nmtf-es 709 bhs-n-5o-nm-gs 710 2py-pipeme2-nmtf-es 711 bhs-ediao-noh-as 712 bim-n3o-nomm-ps 713 bim-n4o-noh-as 714 mam2py-n4o-nmtf-ps 715 2py-pipeme2-npy-es 716 bhs-penta-noh-as 717 2py-pipeme2-noh-ps 718 2py-pipa2-cmm-es 719 bhs-but-cmh-es 720 2py-apam-npy-es 721 bhs-pipeme2-cmh-as 722 bhs-pipeme2-cmm-gs 723 am2py-ampip-nm-as 724 bim-ampip-nm-gs 725 2py-hexa-nomm-gs 726 bim-n3o-cmm-gs 727 bhs-penta-npy-ps 728 bhs-pipeme2-nomm-ps 729 2py-penta-cmtf-as 730 bim-ampap-noh-as 731 bhs-ampap-nomm-ps 732 bim-apam-cmm-ps 733 2py-diam-cmh-as 734 bim-ampip-nomm-gs 735 mam2py-ampip-noh-gs 736 bim-but-nm-ps 737 mam2py-but-nmtf-ps 738 bhs-n3o-nm-gs 739 bim-penta-nomm-ps 740 bim-n3o-noh-as 741 2py-apam-nm-ps 742 mam2py-but-nm-as 743 bim-ampip-noh-as 744 bim-ampip-nmtf-as 745 bhs-ampip-nomm-es 746 mam2py-n5o-nm-gs 747 mam2py-ampip-cmm-as 748 mam2py-n4o-cmh-gs 749 2py-apam-cmm-ps 750 2py-n3o-nmtf-ps 751 dhpyrr-ampap-noh-as 752 bhs-apam-npy-ps 753 mam2py-n3o-npy-as 754 2py-n5am-cmh-as 755 mam2py-pipa2-nmtf-as 756 bhs-n3o-npy-gs 757 2py-n5o-cmh-es 758 bim-ampap-cmh-es 759 bhs-apam-nm-gs 760 mam2py-apam-noh-es 761 bim-apam-npy-gs 762 mam2py-n3o-noh-es 763 bhs-but-nomm-gs 764 bim-apam-cmm-es 765 mam2py-ampip-cmh-ps 766 mam2py-n4o-nm-es 767 bhs-but-npy-gs 768 2py-n4o-nomm-ps 769 mam2py-ampip-nmtf-ps 770 2py-diam-nm-es 771 mam2py-n5o-noh-gs 772 bhs-pipeme2-npy-ps 773 bim-ampap-nm-s 774 bim-apam-nm-ps 775 bim-ampip-noh-ps 776 2py-penta-cmm-ps 777 mam2py-mam3p-nmtf-as 778 bhs-chex2-nm-gs 779 bim-apam-nmtf-es 780 bhs-ampap-nmtf-ps 781 bhs-n5o-nomm-ps 782 bim-n5o-nm-as 783 mam2py-penta-noh-es 784 2py-n3o-npy-gs 785 bhs-pipeme2-nom-ps 786 bim-pipeme2-nomm-gs 787 bhs-n4o-cotf-gs 788 mam2py-apam-nm1-es 789 bhs-but-nm-es 790 gua-apam-nm-es 791 him-pipeme2-noh-gs 792 bim-pipeme2-nm-ps 793 bim-but-nm-as 794 2py-n4o-cmh-as 795 bhs-apam-cmh-gs 796 2py-ampip-cmh-as 797 bhs-ampip-noh-ps 798 pippy-but-nomm-gs 799 2py-a2o2o-cmm-es 800 bim-apam-npy-es 801 bim-apam-noh-gs 802 bhs-n4o-cmm-as 803 2py-but-nomm-es 804 2py-apam-nomm-gs 805 mam2py-n4o-noh-gs 806 2py-n5o-noh-es 807 bhs-chex2-noh-as 808 bhs-n5o-npy-gs 809 bhs-n3o-nmtf-ps 810 im-pipeme2-cmh-gs 811 2py-apam-noh-ps 812 bim-mea3-noh-es 813 mam2py-but-nomm-gs 814 bhs-ampap-nomm-as 815 mam2py-a2o2o-npy-es 816 2py-pipeme2-cmh-gs 817 2py-hexa-npy-ps 818 mam2py-n4o-cmh-es 819 bim-ampip-cmh-as 820 dhim-ampip-nm-as 821 bim-n5o-cmh-ps 822 mam2py-penta-nmtf-as 823 bhs-pipeme2-cmm-ps 824 bim-n5o-noh-ps 825 bim-penta-noh-ps 826 bim-ampap-npy-gs 827 mam2py-penta-nm-as 828 dhpyrr-apam-cmm-es 829 bim-n3o-npy-gs 830 2py-n3o-cmh-gs 831 mam2py-but-nmtf-as 832 2py-ampip-nmtf-as 833 bhs-ampap-noh-gs 834 mam2py-apam-npy-es 835 bim-but-nmtf-es 836 bhs-ampap-npy-ps 837 him-ampap-cmm-es 838 bhs-ampip-cmm-es 839 mam2py-ampap-nomm-gs 840 mam2py-pipeme2-nm-ps 841 bim-penta-nomm-es 842 bim-n3o-nonn-es 843 bim-but-nmtf-as 844 bim-penta-nomm-as 845 bhs-pipeme2-cmm-ms 846 bim-but-nomm-gs 847 mam2py-penta-nm-ps 848 bim-but-npy-gs 849 mam2py-n5o-npy-gs 850 2py-n3o-cmm-es 851 mam2py-but-noh-gs 852 bim-apam-noh-ps 853 bhs-pipeme2-nomm-es 854 mam2py-apam-cmh-gs 855 bim-apam-cmm-gs 856 2py-n4o-nmtf-as 857 bim-penta-npy-ps 858 bhs-n3o-cmm-gs 859 bhs-ampip-noh-es 860 mam2py-n5o-nm-ps 861 2py-n4o-noh-gs 862 mam2py-n4o-noh-es 863 bim-n5o-cmm-as 864 bhs-penta-cmh-ps 865 mam2py-ampap-nm-as 866 2py-but-noh-gs 867 2py-pipeme2-nm-gs 868 bhs-n4o-nmtf-s 869 2py-ampip-cmm-ps 870 2py-n4o-noh-as 871 bim-n4o-nmtf-gs 872 2py-ampap-nm-as 873 2py-but-nomm-ms 874 mam2py-apam-nmo-es 875 mam2py-n4o-nomm-as 876 bhs-n4o-nmtf-as 877 2py-ampip-nmo-es 878 2py-penta-cmm-es 879 mam2py-pipeme2-npy-ps 880 mam2py-nmpap-nmtf-es 881 2py-n2am-nm-es 882 thypm-n3o-nomm-ps 883 bim-n4o-noh-es 884 mam2py-n4o-npy-es 885 bim-n2am-noh-es 886 bim-penta-cmh-as 887 bhs-penta-nomm-ps 888 mam2py-n5o-noh-as 889 bhs-ampap-nm1-as 890 2py-pipeme2-nmtf-ps 891 2py-pipeme2-nmtf-gs 892 mam2py-but-cmh-gs 893 2py-n5o-nomm-ps 894 mam2py-pipeme2-nmtf-as 895 mam2py-penta-cmh-ps 896 bhs-ampap-npy-as 897 2py-but-cmm-ps 898 bhs-n3o-nmtf-as 899 2py-ampip-nomm-as 900 bim-n5o-nmtf-as 901 mam2py-but-cmh-ps 902 mam2py-ampap-cmm-gs 903 bhs-but-noh-gs 904 bhs-n5o-nmtf-ps 905 bhs-apam-noh-ps 906 bim-n5o-nth-es 907 mam2py-42thiaz2-nomm-gs 908 mam2py-n3o-noh-gs 909 mam2py-n4o-cmm-ps 910 bim-penta-nmtf-es 911 bhs-n5o-noh-gs 912 bim-pipeme2-noh-ps 913 mam2py-n5o-nmtf-gs 914 mam2py-aaf-npy-es 915 bim-n5am-noh-es 916 2py-ampip-nm1-es 917 mam2py-but-cmh-es 918 bhs-but-nmtf-ps 919 bim-hexa-cmh-gs 920 bim-penta-nm-as 921 bim-n3o-nm-es 922 2py-but-npy-gs 923 bim-pipeme2-cmm-es 924 mam2py-ampip-cmh-gs 925 bhs-n3o-nth-ps 926 dhim-apam-nm-es 927 mam2py-ampip-nmtf-as 928 2py-apam-nm-es 929 2py-apam-nm-as 930 mam2py-n4o-nm-gs 931 2py-but-nmtf-ps 932 2py-n3o-noh-as 933 dhpyrr-n5o-npy-ps 934 bim-apam-npy-ps 935 mam2py-n3o-noh-as 936 mam2py-pipeme2-noh-ps 937 bim-42thiaz2-nmtf-es 938 2py-penta-nmtf-es 939 bhs-apam-nmtf-gs 940 2py-ampap-nmtf-pa 941 bim-apam-noh-es 942 bhs-penta-cmm-gs 943 bhs-apam-noh-gs 944 bim-but-nomm-as 945 dhim-pipeme2-cmm-ps 946 2py-apam-nomm-as 947 2py-but-nm-gs 948 2py-n5o-nmtf-gs 949 mam2py-apam-cmm-gs 950 bhs-but-npy-es 951 pippy-ampip-cmm-es 952 bhs-n3am-noh-as 953 bim-neo-cmh-ps 954 2py-penta-nomm-es 955 thypm-ampap-noh-as 956 mam2py-but-npy-gs 957 2py-pipeme2-nomm-as 958 2py-n3o-noh-es 959 bim-n3o-cmm-es 960 pippy-penta-nmtf-as 961 2py-n4o-cmm-as 962 bhs-n4o-nmtf-ps 963 bim-pipeme2-npy-as 964 bim-ampap-nm-gs 965 bhs-ampip-cmm-as 966 bim-penta-nm-ps 967 bhs-mam3o-nm-gs 968 mam2py-ampip-cmm-gs 969 bhs-n5o-cmh-as 970 bhs-apam-cmm-ps 971 mam2py-apam-npy-gs 972 bim-ampip-nomm-es 973 2py-n3am-npy-ps 974 mam2py-n3o-nph-ps 975 bim-apam-nmtf-gs 976 bhs-ampip-nm-ps 977 am2py-n3o-nmtf-ps 978 2py-ampap-cmh-ps 979 mam2py-n4o-nm-as 980 impy-apam-nm-es 981 2py-penta-noh-gs 982 2py-ampap-npy-as 983 bhs-apam-nomm-es 984 bim-n3p-nomm-gs 985 dhpyrr-pipeme2-cmh-gs 986 bhs-n4o-nm-es 987 mam2py-n5o-nmtf-ps 988 mam2py-n3o-nomm-gs 989 bim-penta-cmm-as 990 mam2py-but-noh-as 991 2py-n5o-npy-as 992 bhs-ampap-noh-ps 993 mam2py-eam-npy-es 994 2py-ampip-nm-es 995 mam2py-ampap-cmm-es 996 mam2py-penta-nm-es 997 bhs-ediao-nmtf-ps 998 mam2py-mam-cmm-es 999 bim-edia2-nomm-ps 1000 2py-n4o-cmh-ps 1001 bhs-n3o-cmm-es 1002 2py-but-cmh-es 1003 2py-but-nmtf-as 1004 2py-pipeme2-cmm-es 1005 bim-aaf-nmtf-es 1006 bhs-n5o-nomm-as 1007 bim-ampap-cmm-ps 1008 mam2py-apam-nmtf-gs 1009 bhs-ampip-cmm-gs 1010 2py-n5o-cotf-ps 1011 mam2y-penta-cmm-gs 1012 bhs-pro-noh-as 1013 gua-ampap-nomm-gs 1014 2py-n2am-cmh-as 1015 2py-n5o-noh-as 1016 2py-ampip-cmh-ps 1017 mam2py-mea3-nomm-gs 1018 pippy-n3o-nomm-ps 1019 mam2py-ampap-noh-as 1020 mam2py-n5o-cmm-gs 1021 bhs-apam-nm-as 1022 bhs-edia2-noh-as 1023 bhs-ampap-npy-es 1024 mam2py-ampap-nomm-as 1025 bim-n5o-nm-gs 1026 bim-n5o-cmtf-es 1027 mam2py-penta-nomm-gs 1028 bim-n3o-nm-ps 1029 2py-apam-cmh-es 1030 mam2py-pipeme2-npy-es 1031 mam2py-pipeme2-nm-es 1032 gua-pipeme2-cmm-ps 1033 2py-apam-npy-ps 1034 mam2py-n3o-nm-es 1035 2py-penta-cmm-as 1036 mam2py-ampap-npy-es 1037 bhs-but-nm-as 1038 bhs-apam-nomm-gs 1039 2py-n5o-nm1-ps 1040 mam2py-n3o-nomm-ps 1041 bim-but-cmm-as 1042 2py-n3o-nm-ps 1043 am2py-but-nmtf-es 1044 2py-apam-npy-as 1045 mam2py-n5o-cmm-as 1046 mam2py-pipeme2-noh-es 1047 bhs-but-nmtf-as 1048 mam2py-n3o-nm-ps 1049 2py-mea3-cmm-es 1050 2py-neo-cmm-gs 1051 mam2py-ampap-nomm-ps 1052 bhs-ampap-nmtf-es 1053 bhs-n3o-nomm-as 1054 2py-mam-nomm-gs 1055 bhe-but-cmm-ps 1056 bim-penta-nm-es 1057 2py-n3o-nomm-as 1058 mam2py-apam-cmm-ms 1059 2py-aaf-nm-es 1060 bhs-eam-nmtf-pa 1061 2py-apam-nom-es 1062 mam2py-n4o-nmtf-as 1063 bhs-ampap-nm-es 1064 mam2py-n2am-npy-es 1065 2py-edia2-nomm-gs 1066 bhs-n3o-cmh-ps 1067 bhs-n4o-cmh-es 1068 dhpyrr-ampip-nm-as 1069 dhpyrr-n4o-nm-gs 1070 bim-diam-nmtf-es 1071 bhs-mam-noh-as 1072 mam2py-42thiaz2-npy-es 1073 bim-ampap-cmm-as 1074 mam2py-n4o-nomm-gs 1075 bhs-but-cmm-gs 1076 mam2py-n4o-nomm-es 1077 bhs-n3o-nmtf-gs 1078 2py-n3o-nomm-gs 1079 mam2py-pipeme2-cmh-as 1080 mam2py-n5o-cmh-es 1081 2py-penta-nc11-as 1082 2py-n3o-cmh-ps 1083 bhs-n5o-npy-as 1084 bim-n4o-cmm-pa 1085 bha-pro-nmtf-ps 1086 bim-ampap-noh-es 1087 bhs-apam-cmm-es 1088 bhs-n4o-nm1-gs 1089 mam2py-n3o-noh-ps 1090 mam2py-ampip-cmh-as 1091 2py-apam-npy-gs 1092 2py-n4o-npy-as 1093 bhs-n4o-noh-es 1094 mam2py-ampap-npy-as 1095 bim-n3o-cmm-as 1096 2py-but-npy-ps 1097 mam2py-penta-npy-es 1098 bim-ampip-cmm-ps 1099 bim-ampip-cmm-as 1100 gua-ampip-cmm-es 1101 2py-n4o-nmtf-ps 1102 mam2py-penta-cmm-es 1103 2py-n4o-nm-ps 1104 bim-apam-nm-as 1105 2py-pipme2-cmh-es 1106 bim-n3o-nmom-ps 1107 gua-n3o-nmtf-ps 1108 bim-pipeme2-cmh-gs 1109 mam2py-n3o-nmtf-es 1110 2py-but-cmh-gs 1111 2py-apam-noh-as 1112 mam2py-n5o-cmh-ps 1113 bhs-n4o-nomm-as 1114 bhs-penta-nmtf-as 1115 bhs-n2am-cmm-ps 1116 bhs-pipeme2-nomm-as 1117 bim-apam-cmh-ps 1118 bhs-n3o-nomm-es 1119 2py-but-nm1-ga 1120 bim-a2o2o-nmtf-es 1121 bim-pipeme2-nm-as 1122 bim-pipeme2-nmtf-ps 1123 mam2py-n5o-cmh-gs 1124 bim-apam-cmh-gs 1125 bim-pipeme2-cmh-ps 1126 mam2py-ampip-nomm-es 1127 thypm-penta-nmtf-as 1128 bhs-pipeme2-noh-as 1129 bim-ampap-npy-es 1130 2py-ampap-nomm-as 1131 mam2py-but-nomm-es 1132 mam2py-n4o-npy-ps 1133 2py-n5o-cmm-as 1134 2py-penta-nth-as 1135 mam2py-n5am-nomm-gs 1136 mam2py-n4o-nc11-es 1137 bim-ampap-npy-as 1138 2py-ampap-noh-es 1139 2py-n4o-nomm-as 1140 bhs-ampip-nmtf-es 1141 mam2py-but-cmm-es 1142 bhs-pipeme2-cmh-es 1143 bhs-ampip-nm-gs 1144 2py-but-noh-ps 1145 bhs-n4o-noh-ps 1146 2py-apam-cmtf-es 1147 mam2py-ampip-cmm-ps 1148 bhs-pipeme2-noh-es 1149 mam2py-pipeme2-npy-gs 1150 2py-pipeme2-nomm-es 1151 mam2py-n4o-cmtf-es 1152 mam2py-n3o-cmh-gs 1153 bim-pipa2-nomm-ps 1154 bhs-n5o-noh-es 1155 mam2py-chex2-cmm-es 1156 2py-penta-npy-ps 1157 bhs-apam-nm-es 1158 bim-penta-nmtf-gs 1159 mam2py-ampip-cmm-es 1160 2py-n5o-nmtf-es 1161 bhs-n4o-cmh-as 1162 thypm-but-nomm-gs 1163 mam2py-penta-noh-as 1164 bim-n4o-cmh-as 1165 mam2py-penta-cmh-es 1166 bim-penta-cmh-ps 1167 2py-apam-nmtf-es 1168 bhs-pipeme2-nm-ps 1169 bhs-n5o-cmm-gs 1170 mam2py-apam-cmh-ps 1171 2py-ampap-noh-as 1172 bim-diam-noh-es 1173 2py-pipeme2-nm-ps 1174 bhs-n3o-noh-as 1175 mam2py-pipeme2-nmtf-ps 1176 bim-n3o-nmtf-es 1177 bhs-but-noh-as 1178 mam2py-penta-nomm-as 1179 bim-n5o-cmh-as 1180 2py-ampip-noh-as 1181 bim-but-nth-es 1182 bim-n4o-nmtf-ps 1183 2py-pro-npy-ps 1184 mam2py-nto-nmtf-as 1185 bhs-n4o-nmtf-gs 1186 2py-n5o-npy-ps 1187 mam2py-ampap-cmh-gs 1188 mam2py-penta-nmom-as 1189 2py-n3p-npy-as 1190 bim-n5o-npy-es 1191 bhs-pipeme2-noh-gs 1192 bhsampap-nm-ps 1193 bhs-apam-cmm-gs 1194 bim-pipeme2-nomm-ps 1195 pippy-ampap-noh-as 1196 mam2py-n5o-noh-ps 1197 bhs-but-nm-gs 1198 mm2py-edia2-nmtf-as 1199 mam2py-n3o-nmtf-gs 1200 mam2py-n5o-nm-es 1201 bim-penta-nomm-gs 1202 bim-n2am-nmtf-es 1203 mam2py-n4o-cmm-es 1204 bim-pipeme2-npy-gs 1205 mam2py-diam-nomm-gs 1206 bhs-pipeme2-nth-ps 1207 2py-penta-nomm-gs 1208 bhs-ampap-cmm-es 1209 mam2py-ampip-nm-as 1210 bim-ampip-cmh-gs 1211 mam2p-apam-noh-gs 1212 bim-n4o-noh-gs 1213 bhs-n5am-cmm-ps 1214 bim-n5o-npy-ps 1215 mam2py-apam-nm-ps 1216 bhs-n5o-noh-ps 1217 bim-but-cmm-es 1218 bhs-n3o-cmtf-pa 1219 bhs-n4o-nm-ms 1220 bim-n4o-cmh-es 1221 2py-aaf-cmm-es 1222 bim-but-nc11-es 1223 mam2py-but-nomm-as 1224 bhs-pipeme2-npy-as 1225 bim-ampip-nmtf-gs 1226 bhs-mea3-cmm-ps 1227 mam2py-penta-cmm-as 1228 bim-ampap-nmtf-as 1229 bim-but-noh-gs 1230 mam2py-hexa-cmm-es 1231 mam2py-n5am-npy-es 1232 bim-ampap-nm-as 1233 im-n5o-npy-ps 1234 mam2py-penta-cmh-gs 1235 mam2py-n5o-nomm-ps 1236 2py-penta-noh-es 1237 2py-n4o-cmm-es 1238 2py-but-nomm-ps 1239 mam2py-ampip-nmtf-es 1240 bhs-penta-nomm-gs 1241 bim-n4o-nm-ps 1242 2py-pipeme2-npy-as 1243 bim-ampip-nomm--as 1244 bim-pipeme2-nmtf-gs 1245 bim-ampip-cmm-es 1246 mam2py-penta-noh-gs 1247 mam2py-penta-nm1-as 1248 bim-mea3-nmtf-es 1249 2py-penta-nmtf-ps 1250 bim-n5o-nom-es 1251 2py-edia2-cmm-es 1252 bhs-but-nomm-as 1253 bim-but-noh-as 1254 2py-aaf-cmh-as 1255 bhs-n4o-nm-ps 1256 mam2py-pipeme2-noh-as 1257 mam2py-n4o-nm-ps 1258 2py-n5o-nmon-ps 1259 bim-pro-nm-as 1260 bim-penta-cmh-gs 1261 2py-ampap-noh-gs 1262 mam2py-ampap-nmtf-as 1263 bhs-apam-nomm-as 1264 im-penta-nmtf-as 1265 bhs-pipeme2-nmtf-es 1266 2py-n5o-nm-as 1267 bim-ampip-nm-es 1268 bim-pipeme2-cmh-as 1269 mam2py-ampap-cmm-ps 1270 mam2py-penta-nomm-es 1271 mam2py-but-nm-ps 1272 mam2py-ampip-npy-gs 1273 bhs-pipeme2-cmm-as 1274 bim-n4o-npy-es 1275 bhs-ampip-cmh-ps 1276 bhs-n4o-nm-gs 1277 bhs-n4o-nmo-gs 1278 2py-pipa2-nomm-gs 1279 mam2py-n5o-nomm-es 1280 mam2py-apam-npy-as 1281 bim-eam-noh-es 1282 am2py-penta-cmh-as 1283 mam2py-but-npy-es 1284 bhs-penta-noh-gs 1285 bim-n3o-noh-es 1286 bim-n3o-nmtf-gs 1287 bim-n3o-cmh-as 1288 mam2py-ampip-noh-es 1289 bhs-n4o-cmm-ps 1290 bhs-chex2-nmtf-es 1291 mam2py-but-nmtf-es 1292 bhs-n4o-cmh-ps 1293 2py-pipa2-nyp-ps 1294 impy-pipeme2-cmm-ps 1295 mam2py-apam-noh-ps 1296 2py-ampap-cmh-gs 1297 2py-but-cmh-ps 1298 mam2py-ampip-nm-ps 1299 2py-penta-nm-es 1300 mam2py-apam-cmm-as 1301 2py-mam-cmm-es 1302 mam2py-but-cmm-gs 1303 bim-but-nmtf-ns 1304 mam2py-apam-nomm-gs 1305 bim-penta-cmm-es 1306 mam2py-but-nomm-ps 1307 bhs-n4o-npy-es 1308 2py-ampip-npy-as 1309 gua-n4o-npy-es 1310 mam2py-n4o-cmm-gs 1311 bim-chex2-nm-as 1312 thypm-ampip-cmm-es 1313 2py-pipeme2-noh-as 1314 impy-n5o-noh-es 1315 bim-n3o-nmtf-ps 1316 mam2py-n3o-cmh-as 1317 2py-ampip-npy-gs 1318 bhs-n4o-nomm-gs 1319 mam2py-ampap-cmh-es 1320 mam2py-penta-npy-as 1321 bim-penta-cmm-gs 1322 bhs-pipeme2-cmm-es 1323 mam2py-apam-nm-gs 1324 2py-penta-nomm-as 1325 bim-n4o-cmh-ps

In the above list, the following abbreviations are used for the structural units A, E, G, and L.

A = Abbreviation

E = Abbreviation

The bond to the structural unit L=as should be understood as meaning a single or double bond for X═C.

G = Abbreviation

L = Abbreviation

The compounds of the formula I and the starting substances used for their preparation can generally be prepared by methods of organic chemistry known to the person skilled in the art, such as are described in standard works such as Houben-Weyl, “Methoden der Organischen Chemie” (Methods of Organic Chemistry), Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart, or March “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 4th Edition, Wiley & Sons. Further preparation methods are also described in R. Larock, “Comprehensive Organic Transformations”, Weinheim 1989, in particular the preparation of alkenes, alkynes, halides, amines, ethers, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, nitriles, carboxylic acids, esters, amides and acid chlorides. The selection of suitable protective groups for functional groups and the introduction or removal of the protective groups is described, for example, in Greene and Wats in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, 2nd Edition, Wiley & Sons, 1991. The synthesis of compounds of the formula I can either be carried out in solution or on a polymer support, in each case reaction conditions being used as are known and are suitable for the respective reactions. Use can also be made in this case of variants which are known per se, but not mentioned here.

The general synthesis of compounds of the formula I, where, as described above, A-E- can be the structural element B- and —U-T can be the structural element -L, is described in Schemes 1-10. If not stated otherwise, all starting materials and reagents are commercially available, or can be prepared from commercially obtainable precursors according to customary methods.

Structural units of the formula III (for X_(G)=carbon) are either known or can be used by known methods starting from appropriately fused 1H-azepine-2,5-diones (II), as is described in an exemplary manner, for example, in J. Med. Chem. 1986, 29, 1877-1888 or DE 1568217. 1H-Azepnie-2,5-diones (II), which are used for the preparation of compounds of the formula I, are either commercially available or can be prepared according to the following publications:

5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine-6,11-dione or substituted variants according to J. Med. Chem. 1965, 8, 74, or Gazz. Chim. Ital. 1953, 83, 533, and 1954, 84, 1135; 5H-pyridol [3,2-c][1] benzazepine-5,11(6H)-dione according to Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1989, 469-476; 4H-thienol [3,2-c][1] benzazepine-4,10(5H)-dione according to Eur. J. Med. Chem. Ther. 1981, 16, 391-398.

Further examples and their access are described in the following references: J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1981, 28, 379-384; Eur. J. Med. 1993, 28, 439-445; J. Med. Chem. 1965, 8, 74; J. Med. Chem. 1989, 32, 1033-1038; Synth. Commun. 1996, 26, 1839-1847; Indian J. Chem. Sect. B 1984, 23, 163-164; J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1982, 19, 689-690; J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 11976, 1279-1285; J. Chem. Res. 1984, 350-351; Synth. Commun. 1990, 20, 1379-1385; J. Chem. Soc. C 1969, 1321; J. Pharm. Soc. 1994, 83, 137-142; Arch. Pharm. 1979, 312, 662-669; J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1998, 35, 675-686; J. Med. Chem. 1981, 24, 1097-1099.

The conversion into compounds of the formula III is generally carried out by methods known to the person skilled in the art, such as are described in Larock, “Comprehensive Organic Transformations”, Weinheim 1989, p. 167 ff, where methods which are not mentioned can also be used here. Preferably, compounds of the general formula III are prepared by reaction of the ketones II with a phosphonic ester of the general formula (EtO)₂P(═O)—(X_(L))a—CR_(L) ¹R_(L) ²)_(b)-COO-PG1 in the presence of a base. PG1 is understood as meaning an acid protective group.

The reaction preferably takes place in a polar aprotic solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane; dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide or acetamide; dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane; N-methylpyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyltetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone; in a temperature range—depending on the nature of the solvent used—from −40° C. up to the boiling point of the corresponding solvent.

The base used can be an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydride such as sodium hydride, potassium hydride or calcium hydride, a carbonate such as alkali metal carbonate, e.g. sodium or potassium carbonate, an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, an alkoxide such as sodium methoxide, potassium tert-butixidem an organometallic compound such as butyllithium or alkali metal amides such as lithium diisopropylamide and lithium, sodium or potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide.

The reaction to give IV is carried out by hydrogenation of the double bond under standard conditions. Here too, use can be made of variants known per se which are not mentioned. Preferably, the hydrogenation is carried out in the presence of a noble metal catalyst, such as Pd on active carbon, Pt, PtO₂, Rh on AI₂O₃ in an inert solvent at a temperature of 0-150° C. and a pressure of 1-200 bar; the addition of an acid such as acetic acid or hydrochloric acid can be advantageous. The hydrogenation is particularly preferably carried out in the presence of 5-10% Pd on active carbon.

Solvents which can be used are all customary inert solvents, such as hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane, petroleum ether, toluene, benzene or xylene; chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, n-butanol or tert-butanol; ethers such as diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane; glycol ethers such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether or monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; ketones such as acetone, butanone; amides such as dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide or acetamide; sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane; pyridine, N-methylpyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyltetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone; water or mixtures—of the solvents mentioned.

Compounds of type V are prepared by reaction with compounds of the general formula A-E′-UE (VI), where the radical UE is OH, COOH, NH₂ or a customary leaving group, for example halogen such as chlorine, bromine, iodine or aryl- or alkylsulfonyl optionally substituted by halogen, alkyl or haloalkyl, such as toluenesulfonyl, trifluoroethanesulfonyl and methylsulfonyl or another equivalent leaving group, and MR, for example, is Br, Cl, I, OH, COOPG₂, NHPG₃ and E′ is a subfragment of E defined such that M-E′ is equal to E or E′ is equal to E if MR═Hal.

The introduction of the side chain in compounds of the formula V depends on the radical M on the aromatic ring Ar (formulae II to IV). The following description of the preparation of the compounds of the formula V is by way of example and is non-limiting for the possible synthesis. In this case, use can also be made of methods for the preparation of substituted aromatic rings, which are known per se, but not mentioned here.

If MR═OR, a method for the formation of carbon-oxygen bonds can be used for the ether bond to be produced. Analogous methods can be used in the synthesis of amine or sulfide linkages. Phenol (1) in scheme2 is reacted with an alcohol HO-E′-A in a Mitsunobu-like coupling (Organic Reactions 1992, 42, 335-656; 35 Synthesis 198.1, 1-28) to give the product (2). The reaction proceeds via the adduct of DEAD and triphenylphosphine and is carried out in an aprotic solvent such as THF, CH₂Cl₂ or DMF.

Compounds of the formula V can also be prepared by other methods known to the person skilled in the art. Ether bonding in formula V can be obtained, for example, by the reaction of the hydroxyl function with compounds which contain a leaving group such as chloride, bromide or iodide.

If MR═OMe, the methoxy group in (3) can be converted into the hydroxy function by the action of BBr₃ in an inert solvent such as CH₂Cl₂ or alternatively by reaction with ethanethiol and AlCl₃ in an inert solvent, preferably CH₂Cl₂. Other methods for the cleavage of the methoxy function are described in Greene's “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” (Wiley).

The phenol (1) can be converted into the corresponding triflate (4) by reacting it with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (Tf₂O) in the presence of a suitable base such as 2,6-lutidine in an inert solvent such as CH₂Cl₂. The triflate (4) can in turn be converted into the carboxylic acid (5, MR═COOH) in the presence of potassium acetate, 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene (dppf) and a palladium catalyst such as palladium-I1 acetate (Pd(OAc)₂) in a solvent such as DMSO according to the general method of Cacchi and Lupi (Tetrahedron Lett. 33 (1992) 3939) using CO. Alternatively, the same reaction is possible starting from the bromide (6) or the corresponding iodide, or any functional group which can be converted into the triflate, the bromide or the iodide.

Derivatives such as (5) can be coupled, for example, with amines to give compounds of the formula V. Such coupling methods are generally known, as described in the following, for example in Bodansky's “The Practice of Peptide Synthesis” (Springer, Berlin 1984).

Further methods for the reaction of carboxylic acids to give amides can also be read up in standard reference works such as “Compendium of Organic Synthetic Methods”, Vol I-VI (Wiley). If the amine component employed for the reaction contains a protective group, this can be removed before or alternatively after the hydrolysis of the ester. Cleavage methods are described in Greeners “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”. When using the Boc protective group, this can be removed under acidic conditions, e.g. by the action of 4N HCl in dioxane or trifluoroacetic acid.

For MR═Br, Cl or I, an acetylene unit can be introduced by means of a coupling method for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds, e.g. a Stille coupling of aromatic triflates or organostannanes with palladium catalysis, preferably (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, in the presence of LiCl in an inert solvent such as DMF or dioxane (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 5478-86). The triple bond can be converted into the double or single bond according to known methods by the choice of suitable reduction conditions.

Removal of the protective group PG₁ according to standard conditions (see below) leads to the compounds of the general formula I. If PG₁ is equal to C₁-C₄-alkyl or benzyl, the compounds of the general formula V correspond directly to the compounds of the type I.

Alternatively to this synthesis strategy, compounds of type I can also be prepared via VII as an intermediate, where here too reaction conditions are used such as are known to the person skilled in the art and described in standard works.

Compound V is prepared by reaction of compounds of the type IV with radicals of the general formula D_(E)-E′-X_(E) (VIII) under reaction conditions such as have already been described above for the preparation of V (from IV+VI). X_(E) is a suitable leaving group, such as has likewise already been described, and D_(E) is CN, or a protected amino or acid function of the general formula NHPG₃ or COOPG₂. The synthesis of the fragments D_(E)-E′ or A-E′ is carried out—depending on the actual structure of E—by removal of the protective groups and coupling of the residual fragments according to standard methods, e.g. amide couplings.

The introduction of A is then carried out analogously to the reactions described in Schemes 6-10.

Generally, however, syntheses of the compounds of the formula II are possible in all sorts of ways.

An alkylation of the nitrogen (WG′ corresponds to WG, if R_(G) ⁵ is equal to hydrogen) can take place either after the cyclization (IX to II, Scheme 3) or before the cyclization (X to XI, Scheme 3). The cyclization of XI to II can be carried out, for example, by use of polyphosphoric acid (Procter et al., J. Chem. Soc. (C) 1969, 1000). Alternatively, XI can be converted by methods known to the person skilled in the art into the acid chloride XII, which is then cyclized to II by activators such as AlCl₃ or SnCl₄ according to Friedel-Craft.

Use can also be made of other preactivated carboxylic acid derivatives XII: symmetrical or mixed anhydrides or “active esters” which are customarily used for the acrylation of amines. These activated carboxylic acid derivatives (COQ) can also be prepared in situ. It is to be taken into account in this connection that, for example, when using AlCl₃ a methoxy group (M—R′=OMe, X) is converted into the hydroxy function. (M—R′═OH, II), which is why it can be the case that R is not equal to R′.

In many cases (e-g. if MR═OH), the hydrogenation of the compounds III to IV (Scheme 1) is carried out after protection of the function (Scheme 4). One possibility is acetylation. The protective group (PG in compound XIII) is introduced by known methods and removed by known methods after the hydrogenation (see Greene “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, Wiley).

Another possibility consists in carrying out the hydrogenation only after the introduction of the side chain (XV to VII, Scheme 4), according to methods such as have already been described for compounds of the formula V.

Compounds of the formula I in which X_(G) is equal to N can be prepared according to Scheme 5.

The starting point of the synthesis are compounds of the type XVI, which are either known or are accessible by methods known to the person skilled in the art, such as are described, for example, in Pharmazie 45(8), 1990, 555-559.

Alkylation with a compound of the general formula XIX (U_(L)=customary leaving group) under customary reaction conditions leads to XVII. The further reactions to give I then proceed via XVIII analogously to Scheme 1.

The coupling of the individual fragments and the removal of the protective groups can be carried out according to known processes (see Larock, “Comprehensive Organic Transformations”; protective groups: Greene, T., “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, New York 1991), in the case of amide bonds also analogously to the methods of peptide synthesis, such as are described in standard works, e.g. in Bodanszky “The Practice of Peptide Synthesis”, 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag 1994, and Bodanszky “Principles of Peptide Synthesis”, Springer-Verlag 1984. A general survey of the customary methods for peptide synthesis and a listing of suitable reagents is furthermore to be found in NOVABIOCHEM 1999 “Catalog 40 and Peptide Synthesis Handbook”.

The amide couplings mentioned can be carried out with the aid of customary coupling reagents using suitably protected amino and carboxylic acid derivatives. Another method consists in the use of preactivated carboxylic acid derivatives, preferably of carboxylic acid halides, symmetrical or mixed anhydrides or “active esters”, which are customarily used for the aceylation of mines. These activated carboxylic acid derivatives can also be prepared in situ. As a rule, the couplings can be carried out in inert solvents in the presence of an acid-binding agent, preferably of an organic base such as triethylamine, pyridine, diisopropylethylamine, N-methylmorpholine, quinoline; the addition of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, carbonate or hydrogencarbonate or of another salt of a weak acid of the alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, preferably of potassium, sodium, calcium or cesium, can also be favorable.

Depending on the conditions used, the reaction time is between [lacuna] minutes and 14 days; the reaction temperature between −40° C. and 140° C., preferably between −20° C. and 100° C.

Suitable inert solvents are, for example, hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane, petroleum ether, toluene, benzene or xylene; chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform; dichloromethane; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, n-butanol or tert-butanol; ethers such as diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane; glycol ethers such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether or monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; ketones such as acetone, butanone; amides such as dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide or acetamide; nitriles such as acetonitrile; sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane; N-methylpyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyltetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, nitro compounds such as nitromethane or nitrobenzene; esters such as ethyl acetate; water; or mixtures of the solvents mentioned.

Protective groups PG which can be used are all protective groups known and customary from peptide synthesis to the person skilled in the art, such as are also described in the abovementioned standard works. The removal of the protective groups in the compounds of the formulae V, VII and XVIII is likewise carried out according to conditions such as are known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, by Greene and Wuts in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, 2nd Edition, Wiley & Sons, 1991.

Protective groups such as PG₃ are “N-terminal amino protective groups”; Boc, Fmoc, benzyloxycarbonyl (Z), acetyl and Mtr are preferred here.

PG₁ and PG₂ are “C-terminal hydroxy protective groups”; C₁₋₄-alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, or alternatively benzyl or trityl, or polymer-bound protective groups in the form of the commercially available polystyrene resins such as 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin or Wang resin (Bachem, Novabiochem) are preferred here.

The removal of acid-labile protective groups (e.g. Boc, tert-butyl, Mtr, trityl) can be carried out, depending on the protective group used, using organic acids such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), trichloroacetic acid, perchloric acid, trifluoroethanol, sulfonic acids such as benzene- or p-toluenesulfonic acid but also inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, the acids generally being employed in an excess.

In the case of trityl, the addition of thiols such as thioanisole or thiophenol can be advantageous. The presence of an additional inert solvent is possible, but not always necessary. Suitable inert solvents are preferably organic solvents, for example carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, ethers such as THF or dioxane, amides such as DMF or dimethylacetamide, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, alcohols such as methanol, isopropanol or water. Mixtures of the solvents mentioned are also suitable. The reaction temperature for these reactions is between 10° C. and 50° C., preferably the reactions are carried out in a range between 0° C. and 30° C.

Base-labile protective groups such as Fmoc are cleaved by treatment with organic amines such as dimethylamine, diethylamine, morpholine, piperidine as 5-50% solutions in CH₂Cl₂ or DMF. The reaction temperature for these reactions is between 110° C. and 50° C. and the reactions are preferably carried out in a range between 0° C. and 30° C.

Acid protective groups such as methyl or ethyl are preferably cleaved by basic hydrolysis in an inert solvent. The bases used are preferably alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, preferably NaOH, KOH or LiOH. The solvents used are all customary inert solvents such as hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane, petroleum ether, toluene, benzene or xylene, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, n-butanol or tert-butanol, ethers such as diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, glycol ethers such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether or monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ketones such as ac tone, butanone, amides such as dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide or acetamide, nitriles such as acetonitrile, sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane, N-methylpyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyltetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, nitro compounds such as nitromethane or nitrobenzene, water or mixtures of the solvents mentioned. The addition of a phase-transfer catalyst can be advantageous depending on the solvent or solvent mixture used. The reaction temperature for these reactions is generally between −10° C. and 100° C.

Hydrogenolytically removable protective groups such as benzyloxycarbonyl (z) or benzyl can be removed, for example, by hydrogenolysis in the presence of a catalyst (e.g. of a noble metal catalyst on active carbon as a support). Suitable solvents are those indicated above, in particular alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, amides such as DMF or dimethylacetamide, esters such as ethyl acetate. As a rule, the hydrogenolysis is carried out at a pressure of 1-200 bar and at temperatures between 0 and 100° C.; the addition of an acid such as acetic acid or hydrochloric acid may be advantageous. The catalyst used is preferably 5 to 10% Pd on active carbon.

The synthesis of structural units of Type E (or E′) is generally carried out by methods known to the person skilled in the art. The structural units used are either commercially available or accessible by methods known from the literature. The synthesis of some of these structural units is described by way of example in the example section.

In the case in which the fragments Q_(E) or X_(E) contained in the compounds of the type VI and VIII are a hetaryl radical, the structural units used are either commercially available or accessible by methods known to the person skilled in the art. A large number of preparation methods are described in detail in Houben-Weyl's “Methoden der organischen Chemie” [Methods of Organic Chemistry (Vol. E6: furans, thiophenes, pyrroles, indoles, benzothiophenes, benzofurans, benzopyrroles; Vol. E7: quinolines, pyridines; Vol. E8: isoxazoles, oxazoles, thiazoles, pyrazoles, imidazoles and their benzo-fused representatives, and also oxadiazoles, thiadiazoles and triazoles; Vol. E9: pyridazines, pyrimidines, triazines, azepines and their benzo-fused representatives, and purines). The linkage of these fragments to E can also take place, depending on the structure of E, via the amino or acid function by methods which are known to the person skill d in the art.

The synthesis of structures of the general formula A-E′-D_(E) is carried out by methods known to the person skilled in the art, such as are described in WO 97/08145. Examples of these are the conversion of compounds of the general formula:

HNR_(E) ¹²-E_(A1)-D_(E)  (XX)

NC-E_(A2)-D_(E)  (XXI)

into compounds of the general formula:

A-NR_(E) ¹²-E_(A1)-D_(E)  (XXII)

A-E′-D_(E)  (XXIII)

The groups E_(A1) and E_(A2) in the formulae XX-XXII are structural fragments which after the appropriate modification, e.g. the reaction with suitable reagents or coupling with appropriate structural units, form the structural fragment A-E in totality. These structural units can then be reacted either directly—in the case of the corresponding free amines or carboxylic acids—or after removal of the protective groups—to give compounds of the general formula I (Schemes 1 and 5). In principle, A, however, can also be introduced, as described in Scheme 1, into compounds of type IV, where the reaction conditions mentioned can be used exactly as variants not described here.

In Schemes 6-10, a number of the methods for the introduction of A are described by way of example, where in each case reaction conditions were used such as are known and suitable for the respective reactions. Use can also be made in this case of variants which are known per se, but not mentioned here.

Ureas and thioureas (AE-1 to AE-3) can be prepared by customary methods of organic chemistry, e.g. by reaction of an isocyanate or of an thioisocyanate with an amine, if appropriate in an inert solvent, with warming (Houben-Weyl Volume VIII, 157ff.) (Scheme 6)

Scheme 7 shows, by way of example, the preparation of compounds of the type AE-4, such as is described, for example, by Blakemoore et al. in Eur. J. Med. Chem. 1987 (22) 2, 91-100, or von Misra et al. in Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1994 4 (18), 2165-2170. The pyridine N-oxide can be converted into the corresponding pyridines under the conditions of a transfer hydrogenation (e.g. Pd catalyst such as Pd/active carbon; inert solvent such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol) using, for example, cyclohexene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, formic acid or formates.

Unsubstituted or cyclic guanidine derivatives of the general formula AE-5 and AE-6 can be prepared by means of commercially available or readily accessible reagents, such as are described, for example, in Synlett 1990, 745, J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 2497, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1996, 6, 1185-1208; Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1998, 1185, or Synth. Comm. 1998, 28, 741-746.

The preparation of compounds of the general formula AE-7 can be carried out analogously to U.S. Pat. No. 3,202,660, compounds of the formula AE-9, AE-10, AE-11 and AE-12 analogously to WO 97/08145. Compounds of the formula AE-8 can be prepared, as shown in Scheme 5, for example, according to the method described by Perkins et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 1103-1106. Scheme 8 gives a general survey of the synthesis of the compounds mentioned.

Compounds of the general formula AE-13 can be prepared analogously to Froeyen et al., Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem. 1991, 63, 283-293, AE-14 analogously to Yoneda et al., Heterocycles 1998, 15 N′-1, Spec. Issue, 341-344 (Scheme 9). The preparation of corresponding compounds can also be carried out analogously to WO 97/36859:

Compounds of the general formula AE-15 can be prepared as in Synthesis 1981, 963-965 and Synth. Comm. 1997, 27 (15), 2701-2707, AE-16 analogously to J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56 (6), 2260-2262 (Scheme 10).

Structural units of the type I_(A) ¹⁷ (see sketch on p. 24, naphthyridine derivatives) can be prepared analogously to WO 00/09503.

The invention further relates to the use of the structural element of the formula I_(GL)

G-L  I_(GL)

for the preparation of compounds which bind to integrin receptors.

The invention further relates to drugs comprising the structural element of the formula I_(GL).

The invention further relates to pharmaceutical preparations, comprising at least one compound of the formula I in addition to the customary pharmaceutical excipients.

The compounds according to the invention can be administered, orally or parenterally (subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally) in the customary manner. Administration can also be carried out through the nasopharynx using vapors or sprays. Further, the compounds according to the invention can be introduced by direct contact with the affected tissue.

The dose depends on the age, condition and weight of the patient and on the manner of administration. As a rule, the daily dose of active compound is between approximately 0.5 and 50 mg/kg of body weight in the case of oral administration and between approximately 0.1 and 10 mg/kg of body weight in the case of parenteral administration.

The novel compounds can be administered in solid or liquid form in the customary pharmaceutical administration forms, e.g. as tablets, film-coated tablets, capsules, powders, granules, coated tablets, suppositories, solutions, ointments, creams or sprays. These are prepared in a customary manner. The active compounds can in this case be processed using the customary pharmaceutical excipients such as tablet binders, fillers, preservatives, tablet disintegrants, flow regulators, plasticizers, wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, solvents, release-delaying agents, antioxidants and/or propellants (cf. H. Sucker et al.: Pharmazeutische Technologie, Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991). The administration forms thus obtained normally contain the active compound in an amount from 0.1 to 90% by weight.

The invention further relates to the use of the compounds of the formula I for the production of drugs for the treatment of diseases. The compounds of the formula I can be used for treating human and animal diseases. The compounds of the formula I bind to integrin receptors. They are therefore preferably suitable as integrin receptor ligands and for the production of drugs for treating diseases in which an integrin receptor is involved, in particular for the treatment of diseases in which the interaction between integrins and their natural ligands is dysregulated, i.e. excessive or reduced.

Integrin receptor ligands are understood as meaning agonists and antagonists.

An excessive or decreased interaction is understood as meaning either an excessive or decreased expression of the natural ligand and/or of the integrin receptor and thus an excessive or decreased amount of natural ligand and/or integrin receptor or an increased or decreased affinity of the natural ligand for the integrin receptor.

The interaction between integrins and their natural ligands is dysregulated compared with the normal stat, i. excessive or decreased, if this dysregulation does not correspond to the physiological state. An increased or decreased interaction can lead to pathophysiological situations.

The level of dysregulation which leads to a pathophysiological situation is dependent on the individual organism and on the site and nature of the disorder.

Preferred integrin receptors for which the compounds of the formula I according to the invention can be used are the α₅β₁, α₄β₁, gp_(IIb)β₃, α_(v)β₅ and α_(v)β₃ integrin receptors.

The compounds of the formula I particularly preferably, bind to the α_(v)β₃ integrin receptor and can thus be particularly preferably used as ligands of the α_(v)β₃ integrin receptor and for the treatment of diseases in which the interaction between α_(v)β₃ integrin receptor and its natural ligands is excessive or decreased.

The compounds of the formula I are preferably used for the treatment of the following diseases:

cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis, restenosis after vascular injury or stent implantation, and angioplasty (neointima formation, smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation), acute kidney failure, angiogenesis-associated microangiopathies such as diabetic antipathies or retinopathy or rheumatoid arthritis, blood platelet-mediated vascular occlusion, arterial thrombosis, stroke, reperfusion damage after myocardial infarct or stroke, carcinomatous disorders, such as in tumor metastasis or in tumor growth (tumor-induced angiogenesis), osteoporosis (bone resorption after chemotaxis and adhesion of osteoclasts to the bone matrix), high blood pressure, psoriasis, hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease, malignant hypercalcemia, metastatic osteolytic lesions, inflammation, wound healing, cardiac insufficiency, congestive heart failure CHF, as well as in antiviral, antimycotic, antiparasitic or antibacterial therapy and prophylaxis (adhesion and internalization), in particular in mycotically mediated disorders, in particular infections by Candida albicans.

Advantageously, the compounds of the formula I can be administered in combination with at least one further compound in order to achieve an improved curative action in a number of indications. These further compounds can have the same or a different mechanism of action as/from the compounds of the formula I.

In addition to the compounds of the formula I and the customary pharmaceutical excipients, the pharmaceutical preparations can therefore contain at least one further compound, depending on the indication, in each case selected from one of the 10 groups below.

Group 1:

inhibitors of blood platelet adhesion, activation or aggregation, such as acetylsalicylic acid, lysine acetylsalicylate, piracetam, dipyridamol, abciximab, thromboxane antagonists, fibrinogen antagonists, such as tirofiban, or inhibitors of ADP-induced aggregation such as ticlopidine or clopidogrel, anticoagulants which prevent thrombin activity or formation, such as inhibitors of IIa, Xa, XIa, IXa or VIIa, antagonists of blood platelet-activating compounds and selectin antagonists for the treatment of blood platelet-mediated vascular occlusion or thrombosis, or

Group 2:

inhibitors of blood platelet activation or aggregation, such as GPIIb/IIIa antagonists, thrombin or factor Xa inhibitors or ADP receptor antagonists,

serine protease inhibitors, fibrinogen-lowering compounds, selectin antagonists, antagonists of ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 inhibitors of leukocyte adhesion inhibitors of vascular wall transmigration, fibrinolysis-modulating compounds, such as streptokinase, tPA, plasminogen-activating stimulants, TAFI inhibitors, XIa inhibitors or PAI-1 antagonists, inhibitors of complement factors, endothelin-receptor antagonists, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antioxidants and interleukin 8 antagonists for the treatment of myocardial infarct or stroke, or

Group 3:

endothelin antagonists, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, endopeptidase inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel antagonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and caspase inhibitors for the treatment of congestive heart failure, or

Group 4:

thrombin inhibitors, inhibitors of factor Xa, inhibitors of the coagulation pathway which leads to thrombin formation, such as heparin or low-molecular weight heparins, inhibitors of blood platelet adhesion, activation or aggregation, such as GPIIb-IIIa antagonists or antagonists of the blood platelet adhesion and activation mediated by vWF or GPIb, endothelin receptor antagonists, nitrogen oxide synthase inhibitors, CD44 antagonists, selectin antagonists, MCP-1 antagonists, inhibitors of signal transduction in proliferating cells, antagonists of the cell response mediated by EGF, PDGF, VEGF or bFGF and antioxidants for the treatment of restenosis after vascular injury or stent implantation, or

Group 5:

antagonists of the cell response mediated by EGF, PDGF, VEGF or bFGF, heparin or low-molecular weight heparins or further GAGS, inhibitors of MMPs, selectin antagonists, endothelin antagonists, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists and glycosylation inhibitors or AGE formation inhibitors or AGE breakers and antagonists of their receptors, such as RAGE, for the treatment of diabetic angiopathies or

Group 6:

lipid-lowering compounds, selectin antagonists, antagonists of ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 heparin or low-molecular weight heparins or further GAGs, inhibitors of MMPs, endothelin antagonists, apolipoprotein A1 antagonists, cholesterol antagonists, HHG CoA reductase inhibitors, ACAT inhibitors, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, protein kinase C inhibitors, calcium channel antagonists, LDL receptor function stimulants, antioxidants LCAT mimetics and free radical scavengers for the treatment of atherosclerosis or

Group 7:

cytostatic or antineoplastic compounds, compounds which inhibit proliferation, such as kinase inhibitors and heparin or low-molecular weight heparins or further GAGs for the treatment of cancer, preferably for the inhibition of tumor growth or metastasis, or

Group 8:

compounds for antiresorptive therapy, compounds for hormone exchange therapy, such as estrogen or progesterone antagonists, recombinant human growth hormone, bisphosphonates, such as alendronates compounds for calcitonin therapy, calcitonin stimulants, calcium channel antagonists, bone formation stimulants, such as growth factor agonists, interleukin-6 antagonists and Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of osteoporosis or

Group 9:

TNF inhibitors, such as TNF antibodies, in particular the human antibody D₂E₇, antagonists of VLA-4 or VCAM-1, antagonists of LFA-1, Mac-1 or ICAMs, complement inhibitors, immunosuppressants, interleukin-1, -5 or -8 antagonists and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis or

Group 10:

collagenase, PDGF antagonists and

MMPs

for improved wound healing.

A pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one compound of the formula I, if appropriate pharmaceutical excipients and at least one further compound, depending on the indication, in each case selected from one of the above groups, is understood as meaning a combined administration of at least one of the compounds of the formula I with at least one further compound in each case selected from one of the groups described above and, if appropriate, pharmaceutical excipients.

Combined administration can be carried out by means of a substance mixture comprising at least one compound of the formula I, if appropriate pharmaceutical excipients and at least one further compound, depending on the indication, in each case selected from one of the above groups, but also spatially and/or chronologically separate.

In the case of the spatially and/or chronologically separate administration, the administration of the components of the pharmaceutical preparation, the compounds of the formula I and the compounds selected from one of the abovementioned groups takes place spatially and/or chronologically separately.

For the treatment of restenosis after vascular injury or stenting, the administrations of the compounds of the formula I can be carried out locally at the affected sites, on their own or in combination with at least one compound selected from group 4. It may also be advantageous to coat the stents with these compounds.

For the treatment of osteoporosis, it may be advantageous to carry out the administration of the compounds of the formula I in combination with antiresorptive or hormone replacement therapy.

The invention accordingly relates to the use of the abovementioned pharmaceutical preparations for the production of drugs for the treatment of diseases.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to the use of the abovementioned combined pharmaceutical preparations for the production of drugs for treating

blood platelet-mediated vascular occlusion or thrombosis when using compounds of group 1, myocardial infarct or, stroke when using compounds of group 2, congestive heart failure when using compounds of group 3, restenosis after vascular injury or stent implantation when using compounds of group 4, diabetic angiopathies when using compounds of group-5, atherosclerosis when using compounds of group 6, cancer when using compounds of group 7, osteoporosis when using compounds of group 8, rheumatoid arthritis when using compounds of group 9, wound healing when using compounds of group 10.

The following examples illustrate the invention, the selection of these examples being non-limiting.

I. Synthesis Examples I.A Precursors 4-[(1-Oxido-2-pyridinyl)amino]-1-butanol (1)

A mixture of 2-chloropyridine N-oxide (70.0 mmol, 11.0 g), 4-aminobutanol (130 mmol, 11.5 g) and NaHC0₃ (340.0 mol, 28.9 g) in tert-amyl alcohol (500 ml) was heated under reflux for 24 h. After dilution with CH₂Cl₂, the suspension was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in a rotary evaporator. Chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 0 to 20%) afforded 6.9 g of target product; ESI-MS [2M+H⁺]=365.1, [M+H⁺]=183.05, 83.2; ¹H-NMR (270 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm: 8.11 (d, 1H), 7.23 (t, 1H), 6.86 (s br., 1H), 6.66-6.47 (m, 2H), 3.69 (t, 2H), 3.32 (q, 2H), 2.53 (s br., 1H), 1.90-1.54 (m, 4H).

3-[(1-Oxido-2-pyridinyl)amino]-1-propanol (2)

A mixture of 2-chloropyridine N-oxide (7.70 mmol, 997.5 mg), 3-aminopropanol (15.0 mmol, 1.1 g) and NaHCO₃ (40.0 mmol, 3.4 g) in tert-amyl alcohol (80 ml) was heated under reflux for 21 h. After dilution with CH₂Cl₂, the suspension was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in a rotary evaporator. Chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 0 to 20%) afforded 1 g of target product; ESI-MS [2M+H⁺]=337.1, [M+H⁺]=169.15; ¹H-NMR (270 MHz, DMSO) δ ppm: 8.07 (d, 1H), 7.26-7.08 (m, 1H), 6.78 (d, 1H), 6.56 (t, 1H), 4.61 (s br., 1H), 3.60-3.13 (m, incl. DMSO), 1.69 (quint., 2H).

N-[4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine (hydrochloride) (3)

-   a) 20 g of tert-butyl 4-iminobenzyl carbamate (89.97 mmol) dissolved     in 100 ml of CH₃CN were added drop w is at 0° C. to a solution of     24.5 g of thiocarbonyldiimidazole and 1.56 g of imidazole in 600 ml     of CH₃CN and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight. 19.5 g of     1,2-phenylenediamine were then added and the mixture was again     stirred at RT for 2 h. For the work-up, the reaction mixture was     evaporated in vacuo, the residue was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ and the     solution was washed 7× with 10% citric acid and 2× with satd. NaCl     solution, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude     product thus obtained (31.78 g; brown foam) was reacted directly     without further purification; ESI-MS [M+H⁺]=373.15;

¹H-NMR (360 MHz, DMSO) δ ppm: 9.5 and 9.05 (each s, 1H), 7.45 (d, 2H), 7.35 (m, 1H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 7.15, 6.95, 6.75, 6.60 (each m, 1H), 4.85 (s, 2H), 4.10 (d, 2H), 1.35 (s, 9H).

-   b) Crude product 3a was dissolved in 750 ml of ethanol together with     36.7 g of HgO (yellow) and 0.4 g of sulfur and the solution was     heated to reflux for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then filtered     twice through Celite and evaporated to dryness; 20.7 g ESI-MS     [M+H⁺]=339.15. -   c) 7 g of the crude product 3b were introduced into 70 ml of CH₂Cl₂,     35 ml of HCl in diethyl ether (satd. at 0° C.) and stirred at RT for     2 h. The resulting precipitate was filtered off with suction, washed     with CH₂Cl₂ and dried; 6.7 g of brown amorphous solid; ESI-MS     [M+H⁺]=239.15; ¹H-NMR (360 MHz, DMSO) δ ppm: 11.6 (s broad, 1H), 8.4     (s broad, 3H), 8.25 (s broad, 1H), 7.65 and 7.55 (each d, 2H), 7.45     and 7.3 (each m, 2H), 4.19 (m, 2H).

N¹-Pyridin-2-ylpropane-1,3-diamine (4)

2-Bromopyridine (100 g; 0.633 mol) and 1,3-diaminopropane (234.5 g; 3.16 mol) were heated to reflux for 7 h. After reaction was complete, the mixture was evaporated. Distillation in an oil pump vacuum of the residue which remained afforded 43 g of the desired product; ESI-MS [M+H⁺]=152.15;

¹H-NMR (360 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 8.05 (d, 1H), 7.36 (t, 1H), 6.51 (t, 1H), 6.36 (d, 1H), 4.98 (s, 1H), 3.35 (s, 2H), 2.82 (t, 2H), 1.73 (m, 1H), 1.32 (s, 2H).

2-[(3-Methoxyanilino) carbonyl] benzoic acid (5)

A solution of 3-methoxyaniline (80.0 mmol, 9.9 g) was added dropwise at 10° C. to a solution of phthalic anhydride (80.0 mmol, 11.9 g) in THF (80 ml). The mixture was stirred overnight and treated with water (1.2 l). The precipitate was filtered off with suction, washed with ice-cold water and also with acetone and pentane and then dried in vacuo. Yield: 19.5 g; mp 168.4 to 168.9° C.; ESI-MS: [2M+Na⁺]=565.2, [M+K+]=310.0, [M+H⁺]=272.05;

¹H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d₆): δ (ppm) 13.01 (s br., 1H), 10.31 (s br., 1H), 7.87 (d, 1H), 7.69-7.49 (m, 3E), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.26-7.19 (m, 2H), 6.69-6.62 (m, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H).

Methyl 2-{[3-methoxy(methyl)anilino]carbonyl}benzoate (6)

2-[(3-Methoxyanilino)carbonyl]benzoic acid (5, 36.9 mmol 10.0 g) was introduced at 10° C. into a suspension of 5.3 g of NaH (60%; freed from oil using pentane) in DM50 (110.0 ml). The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h until the evolution of H2 was complete. Methyl iodide (169.6 mmol, 24.1 g) was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred further overnight. For the work-up, water (100 ml) was added dropwise and the solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were washed with an aq. saturated NaCl solution. Drying and concentration of the organic phase afforded 11.2 g of yellow residue; ESI-MS: [2M+N⁺]=621.3, [M+K⁺]=338.0, [M+H⁺]=300.15;

¹H-NMR (400 MHz; CDCl₃;): d (ppm) 7.78 (d, 1H), 7.32 (t, 1H), 7.28-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.17 (d, 1H), 7.04 (t, 1H), 6.74-6.64 (m, 2H), 6.61 (d, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 3.51 (s, 3H).

2-{[3-Methoxy(methyl)anilino]carbonyl}benzoic acid (7)

LiOH (73.5 mmol, 1.8 g) in water (250 ml) was added dropwise to a solution of methyl 2-{[3-methoxy(methyl)anilino]carbonyl}benzoate (6, 36.8 mmol, 11.0 g) in methanol (250 ml). The mixture was stirred at 40° C. overnight. The mixture was acidified to pH 4.1 (using 2 N HCl) at 0° C. and the suspension was concentrated. The residue was dissolved using CH₂Cl₂ and extracted by shaking with water. Drying and concentration of the organic phase afforded 9.8 g of foam; ESI-MS: [2M+Na⁺]=593.3, [M+K⁺] 324.0, [M+H⁺]=286.15; ¹H-NMR (270 MHz; DMSO-d₆): d (ppm) 13.13 (s br., 1H), 7.68 (d, 1H), 7.42-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.18 (d, 1H), 7.07 (t, 1H), 6.92-6.73 (m, 2H), 6.64 (d, 1H), 3.59 (s, 3H).

2-{[3-Methoxy(methyl)anilino]carbonyl}benzoyl chloride (8)

Thionyl chloride (56.6 mmol, 6.7 g) was added at 5° C. to a solution of 2-{[3-ethoxy(methyl)anilino]carbonyl}benzoic acid (7, 33.3 mmol, 9.5 g) in THF (180 ml). The mixture was warmed to 40° C. for 2 h and then codistilled a number of times with toluene. It was possible to react the residual brown oil (10.4 g) further without purification.

3-Hydroxy-5-methyl-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine-6,11-dione (9)

2-{[3-Methoxy(methyl)anilino]carbonyl)benzoyl chloride (8, 10.4 g) was heated to 180° C. with a mixture of AlCl₃ (701.9 mmol, 93.6 g) and NaCl (391.0 mmol, 23.0 g) and the black melt was stirred for 15 min. For the work-up, the cooled melt was poured onto ice/water and the, deposited precipitate was filtered off with suction. The precipitate was washed by stirring with heptane and filtered and purified by means of chromatography on silica gel (eluent: gradient of hexane/CH₂Cl₂ 50 to 100% to CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 0 to 5%): 2.8 g; ESI-MS: [M+K₊]=292.0, [M+H⁺]=254.1;

¹H-NMR (270 MHz; DMSO-d₆): d (ppm) 10.59 (s br., 1H), 8.08-7.99 (m, 1H), 7.81-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.69-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.41 (d, 1H), 6.86 (d, 1H), 6.73 (dd, 1H), 3.50 (s, 3H).

Methyl (2E,z)-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-11H-dibenzo-[b,e]azepin-11-ylidene)ethanoate (10)

A solution of methyl diethylphosphonoacetate (23.7 mmol, 5.0 g) and lithium methoxide (23.7 mmol, 0.9 g) in DMF (50 ml) was added dropwise at 0° C. under N₂ to 3-hydroxy-5-methyl-5H—dibenzo[b,e]jazepine-6,11-dione (9, 7.9 mmol, 2.0 g) and lithium methoxide (7.9 mmol, 0.3 g) in DMF (50 ml). The mixture was warmed to 60° C. overnight. The solution was treated at 0° C. with 2 N HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were extracted by shaking with aq. saturated NaCl solution. Drying, concentration and chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 0 to 100%) afforded 2.0 g as a cis:trans mixture; ESI-MS: [M+K⁺]=348.0, [M+H⁺]=310.05.

Methyl (2E, Z)-(3-acetyloxy-5-methyl-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-1H-dibenzo-[b,e]azepin-11-ylidene)ethanoate (11)

Acetyl chloride (2.23 mmol, 0.18 g) and then pyridine (4.46 mmol, 0.35 g) were injected at 0° C. into a solution of methyl (2 E, Z)-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-11H-dibenzo[b,] azepin-11-ylidene)ethanoate (10, 0.74 mmol, 0.23 g) in DMF (10 ml). The mixture was stirred overnight at RT and, for the work-up, poured onto 20 ml of ice/water. The mixture was acidified and extracted with diethyl ether. Drying and concentration of the organic phase afforded 0.26 g; ESI-MS: [M+K⁺]=390.0, [M+H⁺]=352.0.

Methyl [3-acetyloxy-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo-[b,e]azepin-11-yl)acetate (12)

Methyl [2 E,Z)-(3-acetyloxy-5-methyl-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-1H-dibenzo-[b,e]azepin-11-ylidene)ethanoate (11, 0.68 mmol, 0.24 g) and Pd/carbon (40 mg) in MeOH (24 ml)/ethyl acetate (24 ml) were treated with H₂ gas at 50° C., 120 bar for 21 h. Filtering through Celite and concentration afforded 0.25 g; ESI-MS: [M+K⁺]=392.0, [M+H⁺]=354.15.

Methyl [3-hydroxy-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo-[b,e]azepin-11-yl)acetate (13)

K₂CO₃ was added at 5° C. to a solution of methyl [3-acetyloxy-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-djbenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl)acetate (12, 0.71 mmol, 0.25 g) in MeOH (9 ml). The mixture was stirred at RT for 5 h. The solution was neutralized using aq. NH₄Cl and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Drying and concentration afforded 0.18 g of white residue; ESI-MS: [2M+Na⁺]=645.2, [M+K⁺]=350.0, [M+H⁺]=312.05.

Methyl (5-methyl-3-{4-[[1-oxido-2-pyridinyl)amino]butoxy}-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl)acetate (14)

A solution of 4-[(1-oxido-2-pyridinyl)amino]-1-butanol (1) (0.40 30 mmol, 0.07 g) and diethyl azodicarboxylate (0.40 mmol, 0.08 g) in DMF (2 ml) was added dropwise to methyl [3-Hydroxy-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl)acetate (13, 0.16 mmol, 0.05 g) and triphenylphosphine (0.43 mmol, 0.11 g) in DMF (5 ml) under argon. The mixture was stirred overnight at 40° C. Concentration, codistillation with xylene and chromatography on silica gel (heptane/CH₂Cl₂ 0 to 100% to CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 0 to 100%) afforded 24.00 mg (purity 90%).

Methyl {5-methyl-6-oxo-3-{4-(2-pyridinylamino)butoxy]-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl}acetate (15)

The suspension of methyl (5-methyl-3-{4-[[1-oxido-2-pyridinyl)amino]-butoxy)-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]-azepin-11-yl)acetate (14, 0.05 mmol, 24.0 mg), cyclohexene (4.93 mmol, 0.50 ml) and Pd/carbon (30.0 mg) was stirred under reflux overnight. After filtration through Celite and concentration, the residue was taken up in water and the mixture was extracted with diethyl ether. Concentration afforded 6.70 mg.

Methyl (2E,Z)-(5-methyl-3-{3-[(1-oxido-2-pyridinyl)amino}-propoxy}-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-11H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-ylidene)-ethanoate (16)

A solution of 3-[(1-oxido-2-pyridinyl)amino]-1-propanol (2, 0.81 mmol, 0.14 g) and diethyl azodicarboxylate (0.81 mmol, 0.17 g) was added dropwise to a solution of methyl (2E,Z)-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-11H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl idene)ethanoate (10, 0.32 mmol, 0.10 g) and triphenylphosphine (0.87 mmol, 0.23 g) under argon. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. Concentration, codistillation with xylene and filtration through silica gel afforded 0.12 g; ESI-MS: [M+K⁺]=498.1, [M+H⁺]=460.15, 230.6.

Methyl (2E,Z)-(5-methyl-6-oxo-3-{3-(2-pyridinylamino)-propoxy]-5,6-dihydro-11H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-ylidene)ethanoate (17)

The suspension of methyl (2E,Z)-(5-methyl-3-{3-[(1-oxido-2-pyridinyl)-amino]propoxy)-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-11H-dibenzo[b,e]-azepin-11-ylidene)ethanoate (16, 0.11 mmol, 50.0 mg), cyclohexene (4.93 mmol, 0.50 ml) and Pd/carbon (50.0 mg) was stirred under reflux for 2 d. Filtration through Celite, chromatography on silica gel (heptane/CH₂Cl₂ 0 to 100%.

CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 0 to 100%) afforded 31.80 mg; ESI-.MS: [M+K⁺]=482.1, [M+H⁺]=444.15, 222.6.

Methyl (5-methyl-6-oxo-3-[3-(2-pyridinylamino)propoxy]-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl)acetate (18)

Methyl (2 E,Z)-(5-methyl-6-oxo-3-{3-(2-pyridinylamino)-propoxy]-5,6-dihydro-11H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-ylidene)ethanoate (17, 0.12 mol, 55.0 mg) and Pd/carbon (5 mg) in MeOH (4 ml/ethyl acetate (4 ml) were treated with H₂ gas at 50° C., 120 bar for 21 h. Filtration through Celite, concentration and column chromatography afforded 22.0 mg; ESI-MS: [M+K⁺]=484.1, [M+Na⁺]=468.0, [M+H⁺]=446.15, 223.6.

Methyl (5-methyl-6-oxo-3-{[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]oxy}-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl)acetate (19)

Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (1.15 mmol, 326.2 mg) was added at −78° C. under argon to a solution of [3-hydroxy-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl)acetate (13, 0.58 mmol, 180.0 mg) and 2,6-dimethylpyridine (1.16 mmol, 123.9 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (6 ml). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min and then at RT overnight. The excess of triflate was removed in a high vacuum. The oily residue was taken up in CH₂Cl₂, washed with HCl (IN), buffered with aq. NaHCO₃ and washed with sat. aq. NaCl. Drying and concentration afforded 250.0 mg of brownish oil, which was reacted further without additional purification.

11-(2-Methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo-[b,e]azepine-3-carboxylic acid (20)

Carbon monoxide was passed through a suspension of methyl (5-methyl-6-oxo-3-{[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]oxy)-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl)acetate (19, 0.56 mmol, 250.0 mg), potassium acetate (2.26 mmol, 221.3 mg, 1,1′-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)ferrocene (0.11 mmol, 64.8 mg) and palladium acetate (0.03 mmol, 6.4 mg) in DMSO (9 ml). The mixture was then heated at 70° C. for 3 h, a CO-filled balloon guaranteeing a CO atmosphere over the reaction mixture going into solution. For the work-up, the solution was diluted with water (40 ml), brought to pH 8 using aq. NaHC0₃ and extracted with diethyl ether. The aq. phase was then acidified with HCl (1N) at 0° C. and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. In order to remove DMSO, the CH₂Cl₂ phases were washed a number of times with water. Drying and concentration afforded 120.0 mg of yellow oil; ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=340.11.

Methyl [3-({[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylamino)benzyl]amino}-carbonyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl]acetate (21)

Diisopropylethylamine (0.4 mmol, 51.4 mg) and EDCI*HCl (0.19 mmol, 36.71 mg) were added at 0° C. to a solution of 1′-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,1,1-dihydro-5H-dibenzo-[b,e]azepioe-3-carboxylic acid (20, 0.15 mmol, 50.0 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 ml)/DMF (1 ml). The mixture was then stirred at 0° C. for 1 h before adding N-[4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine (hydrochloride) (3) (0.16 mmol, 44.5 mg) dissolved in DMF. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour and at RT overnight. Concentration and chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 0 to 100%) afforded 16.0 mg of target product; ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=560.15, 280.65.

Methyl (5-methyl-6-oxo-3-({[3-(2-pyridinylamino)propyl]amino}-carbonyl)-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl}acetate (22)

Diisopropylethylamine (0.2 mmol, 25.3 mg) and EDCI*HCl (0.19 mmol, 36.71 mg) were added at 0° C. to a solution of 11-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo-[b,e]azepin-3-carboxylic acid (20, 0.15 mmol, 50.0 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 ml)/DMF (1 ml). The mixture was then stirred at 0° C. for 1 h before adding N¹-pyridin-2-ylpropane-1,3-diamine (4) (0.15 mol, 22.7 mg) dissolved in DMF. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour and at RT overnight. Concentration and chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/M OH 0 to 100%) afforded 15.0 mg of target product; ESI-MS: [M+H]=473.15, 237.1.

Methyl (2 E, Z)-(5-methyl-6-oxo-3-{[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]-Oxy}-5,6-dihydro-11H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-ylidene)ethanoate (23)

Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (4.20 mmol, 1.2 g) was added at −78° C. under argon to a solution of methyl (2E,Z)-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-11H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-ylidene)-ethanoate (10, 3.23 mmol, 1.0 g) and 2,6-dimethylpyridine (6.47 mmol, 0.69 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (30 ml). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min and then at RT overnight. The excess of triflate was removed in a high vacuum. The oily residue was taken up in CH₂Cl₂, washed with HCl (1N), buffered with aq. NaHCO₃ and washed with sat. aq. NaCl. Drying and concentration of the organic phase afforded 1.1 g of brownish oil, which was reacted further without additional purification.

(11 E,Z)-11-(2-Methoxy-2-oxoethylidene)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine-3-carboxylic acid (24)

Carbon monoxide was passed through a suspension of methyl (2E,Z)-(5-methyl-6-oxo-3-{[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]oxy}-5,6-dihydro-11H-dibenzo-[b,e]azepin-11-ylidene)ethanoate (23, 2.54 mmol, 1.1 g), potassium acetate (10.15 mmol, 1.0 g), 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (0.51 mmol, 0.29 g), palladium acetate (0.13 mmol, 28.5 mg) in DMSO (40 ml). The mixture was then heated at 70° C. for 3 h, a CO-filled balloon guaranteeing a CO atmosphere over the reaction mixture going into solution. For the work-up, the solution was diluted with water (50 ml), brought to pH 7 to 8 using aq. NaECO₃ and extracted with diethyl ether. The aq. phase was then acidified with HCl (IN) at 0° C. and extracted with combined CH₂Cl₂. In order to remove DMSO, the combined CH₂Cl₂ phases were washed a number of times with water. Drying and concentration afforded 200.0 mg of yellow oil; ESI-MS: [M+K⁺]=376.0, [M+H⁺]=338.05, 102.15.

N¹-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)pentane-1,5-diamine (hydrochloride) (25)

Preparation was carried out analogously to the synthesis of 3 starting from 7 g of N-Boc-1,5-diaminopentane hydrochloride (29.3 mmol). After reaction analogously to 3a, 10.3 g of N-Boc-5-{[(2-aminoanilino)-carbothioyl]amino}pentan-1-amin were obtained; ESI-MS [M+H⁺]=353.25. Cyclodesulfurization and subsequent removal of the Boc group using TFA afforded an oily crude product, which was taken up in CH₃OH and converted into the corresponding hydrochloride using 250 ml of ethereal HCl (saturated at 0° C.). Stirring the obtained solid with a mixture of CH₃OH/methyl tert-butyl ether afforded 1.8 g of a reddish amorphous solid.

¹H-NMR (360 MHz, DMSO) d ppm: 9.30 (t, 1H), 8.15 (s broad, 3H), 7.40 and 7.25 (each m, 2H); 3.35 (m, 2H superimposed with H₂O 10 peak), 2.80 (m, 2H), 1.65 (m, 4H), 1.45 (m, 2H).

tert-Butyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethylcarbamate (26)

3.32 g of 30% NaOCH₃ soln were added to tert-butyl cyanomethylcarbamate (3 g; 19.21 mmol) in 20 ml of CH₃OH and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After addition of 3.4 g of 1,2-phenylenediamine bishydrochloride, the reaction mixture was stirred further overnight, then added to 100 ml of H₂O, filtered and the solid thus obtained was dried in vacuo. 3.45 g; ESI-MS [M+H⁺]=248.15

¹H-NMR (270 MHz; DMSO-d₆) d (ppm) 12.60 (s, 1H), 7.30-7.15 (m 3H). 7.05 (m 2H), 4.15 (d, 2H), 1.29 (s, 9H).

1H-Benzimidazol-2-ylmethanamine (trifluoroacetate) (27)

3 g of the Boc compound 26 were suspended in 15 ml of CH₂Cl₂, 25 m l of TFA were added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. The mixture was then concentrated and the residue obtained was stirred with n-pentane (5.8 g); ESI-MS [M+H⁺]=148.05.

Methyl [3-({[5-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylamino)pentyl]amino}carbonyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl]acetate (28)

TOTU (0.24 mmol, 77.3 mg) was added in portions at 0° C. to a solution of N¹-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)pentane-1,5-diamine (hydrochloride) (25, 0.24 mmol, 60.1 mg), 11-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine-3-carboxylic acid (20, 0.24 mmol, 80.0 mg) and N-methylmorpholine (0.49 mmol, 50.1 mg) in DMF (5 ml). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and concentrated in a rotary evaporator. The residue was taken up in ethyl acetate (20 ml), and washed with H₂O, a 5% aq. K₂CO₃ solution and subsequently a 5% aq. NaCl solution. The org. phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Chromatography on silica gel (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 0 to 100%) afforded 23.0 mg of target product; ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=540.42.

Methyl(3-{[(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)amino]carbonyl}-5methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl)acetate (29)

Diisopropylethylamine (0.24 mmol, 30.5 mg) and EDCI*HCl (0.28 mmol, 54.1 mg) were added at 0° C. to a solution of 11-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo [b,e]azepine-3-carboxylic acid (20, 0.24 mmol, 80.0 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 ml)/DMF (0.5 ml). The mixture was then stirred at RT for 1 h before adding 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethanamine (trifluoroacetate) (27) (0.24 mmol, 88.4 mg) and diisopropylethylamine (0.47 mmol, 60.9 mg) dissolved in DMF. The mixture then was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour and at RT for 6 h. Concentration and chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 0 to 100%) afforded 37.0 mg of target product; ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=469.15.

7-(4-Aminobutyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro[1,8]naphthyridine (bistrifluoracetate) (30)

-   a.) A solution of 5-tert-butoxycarbonylaminovaleric acid (50.0 mmol,     10.86 g), O,N-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (50 mmol, 4.88 g),     N-methylmorpholine (0.30 mol, 30.35 g), HOBT (53.90 mmol, 8.42 g)     and EDCI*HCl (55.0 mmol, 10.54 g) in CH₃CN (200 ml) was stirred at     RT for 2 days. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was     taken up in ethyl acetate and washed successively with water, a 10%     strength KHSO₄ solution, a saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution and a     saturated aqueous NaCl solution. Drying and concentration of the     organic phase gave 6.96 g of a yellowish oil; ESI-MS:     [2M+Na⁺]=543.3, [M+Na+]=283.1, 205.1. 161.1.

¹H-NMR (270 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 4.63 (1H, s. br.), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.21-3.05 (3+2H, m), 2.44 (2H, t), 1.76-1.48 (2+2H, m), 1.43 (9H, s).

-   b.) At 0° C., methylmagnesium bromide (60.0 mmol, 17.30 ml of a 3M     solution in Et₂O) was added dropwise to a solution of tert-butyl     5-[methoxy(methyl)amino]-5-oxopentylcarbamate (30a. 30.0 mmol,     6.9 g) in THF (120 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C.     for 5 h and then carefully acidified with a 10% strength KES0₄     solution and extracted with ethyl acetate, and the organic phase was     then washed with a saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution and a saturated     aqueous NaCl solution, dried and concentrated: 5.5 g of a yellowish     oil; ESI-MS: [M-BOC+H+]=116.15. -   c.) A mixture of tert-butyl 5-oxohexylcarbamate (30b, 9.29 mol, 2.0     g), 2-aminonicotinaldehyde (Heterocycl. 1993, 36, 2518; 11.20 mmol,     1.37 g) and KOH (0.37 ml of a 20% strength aqueous solution) was     refluxed for 8 h. Concentration and 5 column chromatography gave     1.60 g of the target product; ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=302.15. -   d.) A suspension of tert-butyl 4-[1,8]naphthyridin-2-yl     butylcarbamate (30c, 5.31 mmol, 1.60 g) and Pd/C (10%, 1.5 g) in     ethanol (40 ml) was stirred under an H₂ atmosphere overnight and     then filtered through Celite and washed with ethanol. Column     chromatography gave 290 mg; ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=306.25.

¹H-NMR (360 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.04 (1H, d), 6.29 (1H, d), 4.97 (1H, s. br.), 4.81 (1H, s. br.), 3.37 (2H, m sym.), 3-12 (2H, q br.), 2.65 (2H, t), 2.53 (2H, t), 1.89 (2H, quint.), 1.67 (2H, quint.), 1.51 (2H, quint.), 1.43 (9H, s).

-   e.) TFA (18.30 mol, 2.09 g) was added to a solution of tert-butyl     4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,8]naphthyridin-2-yl) butylcarbamate (30d,     0.92 mmol, 0.28 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 ml); the solution was stirred for 20     h and concentrated: 380 mg; ESI-MS: 206.1, 130.7. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz,     CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.07 (1H, d), 6.31 (1H, d), 5.58 (1H, s. br.), 3.39     (2H, m sym.), 2.96 (2H, s. br.), 2.76 (2H, t), 2.68 (2H, t), 2.56     (2H, t), 1.88 (2H, quint.), 1.69 (2H, quint.); 1.51 (2H, quint.).

trans-N-{[4-Aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]methyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine (dihydrochloride) (31)

The preparation was carried out similarly to that of compound 3 starting with 10 g of benzyl {4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclohexyl)methylcarbamate (EP 669317) by removing the Boc group using 4N HCl in dioxane, .synthesis of the benzimidazole and subsequent hydrogenolysis. 3.6 g of white dihydrochloride were isolated; FAB-MS [M+H⁺]: 245.

5-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro[1,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)-1-pentanaminium chloride (32)

-   a.) The coupling of 6-tert-butoxycarbonylaminocaproic acid (129.7     mol, 30.00 g) and O,N-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (155.65     mmol, 15.18 g) was carried out similarly to the method used for 30a.     Drying and concentration of the organic phase gave 29.70 g of a     yellowish oil; ESI-MS: [M+Na⁺]=297.1, [M-tBu+H⁺]=219.1,     [M-Boc+H⁺]=175.15. -   b.) Similarly to the method used for 30b and using the starting     material tert-butyl 6-[methoxy(methyl)amino]-6-oxohexylcarbamate     (32a, 110.0 mmol, 29.5 g), 20.70 g of tert-butyl     6-oxoheptylcarbamate were prepared; ESI-MS: [M+Na⁺]=252.1,     [M-BOC+H⁺]=130.15. -   c.) At −95° C., a solution of tert-butyl 6-oxoheptylcarbamate (32b,     15.26 mmol, 3.50 g) in THF was added dropwise to a solution of LDA     (30.52 mmol) in THF (500 ml), and the mixture was stirred at −95° C.     for 30 min. 2-Aminonicotinaldehyde (Heterocycl. 1993, 36, 2518;     15.26 mmol, 1.86 g), dissolved in THF, was added dropwise and the     mixture was stirred at −95° C. for 5 h and allowed to warm to RT     overnight. A saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution was added, the mixture     was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic phase was washed     with a 2% strength aqueous citric acid solution, with water and     finally with a 5% strength NaHCO₃ solution and again with water;     drying and concentration of the organic phase gave 4.75 g of impure     target product which was reacted further as a crude mixture. -   d.) 32c (5.10 g) was hydrogenated similarly to 30c. Column     chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 0-5%) gave 3.00 g of tert-butyl     5-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,8] naphthyridin-2-yl) pentylcarbamate;     ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=321.2, 320.25. ¹H-NMR (360 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.02     (1H, d), 6.28 (1H, d), 4-81 (1H, s. br.), 4.66 (1H, s. br.), 3.36     (2H, m), 3.08 (2H, q br.), 2.68 (2H, t), 2.51 (2H, t), 1-89 (2H,     quint.), 1-64 (2H, quint.), 1-47 (2H, quint.), 1.42 (9H, s), 1.32     (2H, quint.). -   e.) TFA (7.78 mmol, 0.89 g) was added to a solution of 32d (0.78-01,     0.25 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml) and the solution was stirred for 20 h,     concentrated and converted into the hydrochloride using a 1M     methanolic HCl solution; 250 mg; ESI-MS: 221.15, 220.15, 110.7;     ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ (ppm): 8.16 (1H, s), 8.00 (2H, s. br.),     7.60 (1H, d), 6.59 (1H, d), 2.81-2.69 (4H, m), 2.63 (2H, t), 1.82     (2H, quint.), 1.68 (2H, quint.), 1.58 (2H, quint.), 1.32 (2H,     quint.).

N¹-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)butane-1,4-diamine (trifluoroacetate) (33)

The preparation was carried out similarly to that of compound 3 using 9.87 g of N-Boc-1,4-diaminobutan (52.3 mmol) as starting material. Reaction similarly to that of 3a gave 17.08 g of N-Boc-4-{[(2-aminoanilino)carbothioyl]amino)butane-1-amine; ESI-MS [M+H⁺]=338.99.

Subsequent cyclodesulfurization and removal of Boc using TFA gave a brown solid which was repeatedly triturated with n-pentane and then recrystallized from a mixture of CH₃OH/methyl test-butyl ether; 14.35 g, ESI-MS [M+E+]=205.15.

¹H-NMR (360 MHz, DMSO) δ ppm: 9.20 (t, 1H), 7.80 (s broad, 3H), 7.35 and 7.20 (each m, 2H), 3.40 (m, 2H partially obscured by H₂O peak), 2.80 (m, 2H), 1.65 (m, 4H).

I.B. Compounds of the Formula I EXAMPLE I {5-Methyl-6-oxo-3-{4-(2-pyridinylamino)-butoxy]-6,11-dihydro 5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl}acetic acid

NaOH (0.01 mmol, 138.7 mg] was added to a solution of methyl {5-methyl-6-oxo-3-{4-(2-pyridinylamino)-butoxy]-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl}acetate (15, 0.01 mmol, 6.7 mg) in water (3 ml/MeOH (3 ml). The mixture was stirred at 60° C. overnight. After concentration, water was added and the solution was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The aqueous phase was concentrated in a rotary evaporator. Lyophilization afforded 3.10.mg; ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=445.

EXAMPLE II Sodium {5-methyl-6-oxo-3-[3-(2-pyridinylamino)propoxy]-6,11-dihydro-5H Kibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl)acetate

NaOH (0.01 mmol, 106.4 mg) was added to a solution of {5-methyl-6-oxo-3-[3-(2-pyridinylamino)-propoxy]-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl)acetate (18, 0.01 mmol, 5.0 mg) in water (2 ml)/MeOH (2 ml). The mixture was stirred at 60° C. overnight. After concentration, water was added and the solution was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The aqueous phase was concentrated in a rotary evaporator. Lyophilization afforded 3.16 mg; ESI-MS: [M+K⁺]=470.0, [M+H⁺]=432.15, 216.6.

EXAMPLE III Sodium [3-({[14-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylamino)benzyl]amino)-carbonyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl] acetate

Methyl [3-({[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylamino)benzyl]amino)-carbonyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl]acetate (21, 0.03 mol, 15.0 mg) dissolved in water. (6 ml)/MeOH (6 ml) was treated at O° C. with NaOH (0.03 mmol, 254.6 mg) and stirred at RT overnight. After concentrating in a rotary evaporator, the residue was taken up in water/CH₂Cl₂, and extracted a number of times with CH₂Cl₂ and diethyl ether. Lyophilization afforded 9.2 mg of white salt; ESI-MS: [M+K⁺]=584.2, [M+H⁺]=546.15, 273.65, 118.9.

EXAMPLE IV Sodium (5-methyl-6-oxo-3-({[3-(2-pyridinylamino)propyl]-amino)carbonyl)-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl]acetate

Methyl (5-methyl-6-oxo-3-({[3-(2-pyridinylamino)propyl]-amino)-carbonyl)-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl]acetate (22, 0.03 mmol, 14.0 mg) dissolved in water (6 ml)/MeOH (6 ml) was treated at 0° C. with NaOH (0.03 mmol, 0.28 ml of 0.1 N aq. soln) and stirred at RT overnight. After concentrating in a rotary evaporator, the residue was taken up in water/CH₂Cl₂, and extracted a number of times with CHCl₃ and diethyl ether. Lyophilization afforded 5.1 mg of -salt; ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=459.15, 230.1.

EXAMPLE V Methyl (2 E, Z)-[3-({[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylamino) benzyl]amino)-carbonyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-11H-dibenzo[b,e] azepin-11-ylidene]ethanoate

Diisopropylethylamine (0.30 mmol, 38.3 mg) and HATU (0.36 mmol, 51.50 mg) were added at 0° C. to a solution of (11 E, Z)-11-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo-[b,e]azepine-3-carboxylic acid (24, 0.30 mmol, 0.1 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 ml)/DMF (2 ml). The mixture was then stirred at 0° C. for 1 h before injecting N-[4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine (hydrochloride) (3) (0.33 mmol, 89.6 mg) and diisopropylethylamine (0.30 mmol, 38.3 mg) dissolved in DMF. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and at RT for 5 h. After concentration, the residue was taken up using CH₂Cl₂/water, washed with aq. NaBC0₃ and then with a 5% solution of citric acid, buffered with aq. NaEC0₃ and finally washed with aq. saturated NaCl solution. Concentration and column chromatography (heptane/CH₂Cl₂ 0 to 100% CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 0 to 100%) afforded 70.0 mg of target product; ESI-MS: [M+K₊ J=596.2, [M+H⁺]=558.25, 279.65.

EXAMPLE VI (2 E, Z)-[3-({[4-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-ylamino)benzyl]amino)-carbonyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-11H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-ylidene]ethanoic acid

Aq. LiOH (0.34 mmol, 8.3 mg) was added dropwise at 5° C. to methyl (2 E, Z)-[3-({[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylamino)benzyl]amino)-carbonyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-5,6-d-hydro-11H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-ylidene]ethanoate (Example V, 0.04 mmol, 20.0 mg) dissolved in water (3 ml)/EtOH (3 ml) and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight. After concentrating in a rotary evaporator, the residue was taken up in water/CH₂Cl₂, and extracted a number of times with CHCl₃ and diethyl ether. The water phase was adjusted to pH 4 to 5 at 0° C. Filtration and drying of the deposited precipitate afforded 15.0 mg of target product; ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=544.05, 272.6, 130.1.

EXAMPLE VII Sodium (2 E, Z)-{5-methyl-6-oxo-3-[3-(2-pyridinylamino)propoxy)-5,6-dihydro-11H-dibenzo[b,e] azepin-11-ylidene)ethanoate

Methyl (2 E, Z)-(5-methyl-6-oxo-3-{3-(2-pyridinyl amino)propoxy)-5,6-dihydro-11H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-ylidene)ethanoate (17, 0.03 mmol, 15.0 mg) dissolved in water (6 ml)/MeOH (6 ml) was treated at 5° C. with NaOH (0-03 mmol, 321.1 mgj and the mixture was heated at 60° C. for 6 h. After concentrating in a rotary evaporator, the residue was taken up in water/CH₂Cl₂ and extracted a number of times with CHCl₃ and diethyl ether. Lyophilization of the water phase afforded 5.2 mg of white salt; ESI-MS: [M+K⁺]=468.1, [M+H⁺]=430.15; 215.6, 101.1.

EXAMPLE VIII Sodium [3-({[5-(1H-bezimidazol-2-ylamino) pentyl]amino)-carbonyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl]acetate

Methyl [3-({[5-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylamino)pentyl]amino}-carbonyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl]acetate (28, 0.04 mmol, 20.0 mg) dissolved in water (7 ml)/MeOH (7 ml) was treated at 5° C. with NaOH (0.03 mmol, 333.9 mg) and the mixture was heated at 40° C. for 4 h. After concentrating in a-rotary evaporator, the residue was taken up in water/CH₂Cl₂ and extracted a number of times with CHCl₃ and diethyl ether. Lyophilization of the water phase afforded 14.6 mg of salt; ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=526.25.

EXAMPLE IX Sodium (3-{[(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)amino]carbonyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl)acetate

Methyl (3-{[(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)amino]carbonyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl)acetate (29, 0.08 mmol, 37.0 mg) dissolved in water (10 ml)/MeOH (10 ml) was treated at 5° C. with NaOH (0.07 mmol, 711.0 mg) and the mixture was heated at 40° C. for 6 h. After concentrating in a rotary evaporator, the residue was taken up in water/CH₂Cl₂ and extracted a number of times with CHCl₃ and diethyl ether. Lyophilization of the water phase afforded 28.6 mg of salt; ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=455.15.

EXAMPLE X Methyl [5-methyl-6-oxo-3-({[4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,8] naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl]amino)carbonyl)-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl]acetate

At 0° C., ethyldiisopropylamine (0.29 mmol, 114.27 mg) and HATU (0.35 mmol, 134.45 mg) were added to a solution of 11-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine-3-carboxylic acid (20) (0.29 mmol, 100.00 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 ml), the mixture was then stirred at O° C. for 1 h, and 7-(4-iminobutyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro [1,8] naphthyridin (bistrifluoracetate) (30) (0.41 mmol, 131.75 mg) and ethyldiisopropylamine (0.64 mmol, 251.39 mg) were added. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and at RT overnight and then concentrated. The residue was taken up in ethyl acetate/water, the pH was adjusted to 6.5 using a 5% strength aqueous NH₄Cl solution and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. Concentration and silica gel chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/CH₃OH 0-100%) gave 71.80 mg of target product; ESI-MS [M+H⁺]; 527.25.

EXAMPLE XI Sodium [5-methyl-6-oxo-3-({[4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro [1,8] naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl]amino) carbonyl)-6,11-dihydro-5-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl]acetate

The methyl ester (Example X) was hydrolyzed similarly to Example II; 44.00 mg of target product; ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=513.25.

EXAMPLE XII Methyl {3-[({[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl)amino) carbonyl]-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl}acetate

Preparation similar to Example X starting with 11-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine-3-carboxylic acid (20) (0.29 mmol, 100.00 mg) and trans-N-{[4-(aminomethy-)cyclohexyl]methyl}-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine (dihydrochloride) (31) (0.32 mmol, 102.85 mg). 90.90 mg of target product; ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=566.25, 283.65.

EXAMPLE XIII {3-[({[4-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-ylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl)amino) carbonyl]-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl}acetic acid

The methyl ester (Example XII) was hydrolyzed similarly to Example II; 9.50 mg of target product; ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=552.35, 276.55.

EXAMPLE XIV Methyl [5-methyl-6-oxo-3-({[5-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,8]naphthyridin-2-yl) pentyl]amino)carbonyl)-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl]acetate

Preparation similar to Example X starting with 11-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine-3-carboxylic acid (20) (0.29 mmol, 100.00 mg) and 5-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)-1-pentanaminium chloride (32) (0.41 mmol, 105.54 mg). 102.00 mg of target product; ESI-MS [M+H⁺]: 541.25.

EXAMPLE XV [5-Methyl-6-oxo-3-({[5-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,8]naphthyridin-2-yl) pentyl]amino)carbonyl)-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl]acetic acid

The methyl ester (Example XIV) was hydrolyzed similarly to Example II; 49.20 pg of target product (about −95% pure according to HPLC); ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=527.25, 264.1.

EXAMPLE XVI Methyl [3-({[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylamino)butyl}amino}carbonyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-11-yl]acetate

Coupling of 11-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepin-3-carboxylic acid-(20) (0.29 mmol, 100.00 mg) with N¹-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)butane-1,4-diamine (trifluoroacetate) (33) (0.32 mmol, 103.18) similarly to 21 and purification by silica gel chromatography (ethyl acetate/CH₃OH 0-100%) gave 39.50 mg of target product; ESI-MS [M+H⁺]: 526.25, 263.6.

EXAMPLE XVII [3-({[4-1H-Benzimidazol-2-ylamino)butyl]amino}carbonyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e] azepin-11-yl]acetic acid

The methyl ester (Example XIV) was hydrolyzed similarly to Example II; 18.70 mg of target product; ESI-MS: [M+H⁺]=512.15.

II. Biological Examples EXAMPLE 1 Integrin α_(v)β₃ Assay

For the identification and assessment of integrin α_(v)β₃ ligands, a test system was used which was based on competition between the natural integrin α_(v)β₃ ligand vitronectin and the test substance for binding to solid phase-bound integrin α_(v)β₃

Procedure

-   -   Microtiter plates coated with 250 ng/ml of integrin α_(v)β₃ in         0.05 M NaHCO₃ pH 9.2; 0.1 ml/well;     -   saturation with 1% powdered milk/assay buffer; 0.3 ml/well; 0.5         h/RT     -   3× washing with 0.05% Tween 20/assay buffer     -   test substance in 0.1% powdered milk/assay buffer, 50 μl/well+0         μg/ml or 2 μg/ml of human vitronectin (Boehringer Ingelheim         T007) in 0.1% powdered milk/assay buffer, 50 μl/well; 1 h/RT     -   3× washing with 0.05% Tween 20/assay buffer     -   1 μg/ml of anti human vitronectin antibody coupled to peroxidase         (Kordia SAVN-APHRP) in 0.1% powdered milk/assay buffer; 0.1         ml/well; 1 h/RT     -   3× washing with 0.05% Tween 20/assay buffer     -   0.1 ml/well of peroxidase substrate     -   stop reaction with 0.1 ml/well of 2 M H₂SO₄     -   measurement of the absorption at 450 nm

Integrin α_(v)β₃: Human placenta is solubilized with Nonidet and integrin α_(v)β₃ affinity-purified on a GRGDSPK matrix (elution with EDTA). Impurities due to integrin α_(IIbβ) ₃ and human serum albumin, and the detergent and EDTA are removed by anion-exchange chromatography.

Assay buffer: 50 mM tris pH 7.5; 100 mM NaCl; 1 mM CaCl₂; 1 mM MgCl₂; Peroxidase substrate: mix 0.1 ml of TMB solution (42 mM TMB in DMSO) and 10 ml of substrate buffer (0.1 M sodium acetate pH 4.9), then add 14.7 μl of 3% H₂O₂.

Various dilutions of the test substances are employed in the assay and the IC₅₀ values are determined (concentration of the ligand at which 50% of the ligand is displaced). The compound from Example I showed the best result here.

EXAMPLE 2 Integrin α_(IIb)β₃ Assay

The assay is based on competition between the natural integrin α_(IIb)β₃ ligand fibrinogen and the test substance for binding to integrin α_(IIb)β₃.

Procedure

-   -   Coat microtiter plates with 10 μg/ml of fibrinogen         (Calbiochem 341578) in 0.05 M NaHCO₃ pH 9.2; 0.1 ml/well;     -   saturate with 1% BSA/PBS; 0.3 ml/well; 30 min/RT     -   3× washing with 0.05% Tween 20/PBS     -   test substance in 0.1% BSA/PBS; 50 μl/well+200 μg/ml of integrin         α_(IIb)β₃ (Kordia) in 0.1% BSA/PBS; 50 μl/well; 2 to 4 h/RT     -   3× washing as above     -   biotinylated anti-integrin α_(IIb)β₃ antibody (Dianova CBL 130         B); 1:1000 in 0.1% BSA/PBS; 0.1 ml/well; 2 to 4 h/RT     -   3× washing as above     -   streptavidin-peroxidase complex (B.M. 1089153) 1:10,000 in 0.1%         BSA/PBS; 0.1 ml/well; 30 min/RT     -   3× washing as above     -   0.1 ml/well of peroxidase substrate     -   stop reaction using 0.1 ml/well of 2 M H₂SO₄     -   measurement of the absorption at 450 nm

Peroxidase substrate: mix 0.1 ml of TMB solution (42 mM TMB in DMSO) and 10 ml of substrate buffer (0.1 M Na acetate pH 4.9), then add 14.7 μl of 3% H₂O₂

Various dilutions of the test substances are employed in the assay and the IC₅₀ values are determined (concentration of the antagonists at which 50% of the ligand is displaced). By comparison of the IC₅₀ values in the integrin α_(IIb)β₃ and integrin α_(IIb)β₃ assay, the selectivity of the substances can be determined.

EXAMPLE 3 CAM assay

The CAM (chorioallantoic membrane) assay serves as a generally recognized model for the assessment of the in vivo activity of integrin α_(v)β₃ antagonists. It is based on the inhibition of angiogenesis and neovascularization of tumor tissue (Am. J. Pathol. 1975, 79, 597-618; Cancer Res. 1980, 40, 2300-2309; Nature 1987, 329, 630). The procedure is carried out analogously to the prior art. The growth of the chicken embryo blood vessels and of the transplanted tumor tissue can be readily monitored and assessed.

EXAMPLE 4 Rabbit Eye Assay

In this in-vivo model, the inhibition of angiogenesis and neovascularization in the presence of integrin α_(v)β₃ antagonists can be monitored and assessed analogously to Example 3. The model is generally recognized and is based on the growth of rabbit blood vessels starting from the edge in the corn a of the eye (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1994, 91, 4082-4085; Science 1976, 193, 70-72). The procedure is carried out analogously to the prior art. 

1. A compound of the formula I B-G-L  I where B, G and L have the following meanings: L is a structural element of the formula I_(L) —U-T  I_(L) where T is a group COOH, a radical hydrolysable to COOH or a radical bioisosteric to COOH and —U— is —(X_(L))_(a)—(CR_(L) ¹R_(L) ²)_(b)-, —CR_(L) ¹═CR_(L) ²-, ethynylene or ═CR_(L) ¹-, where a is 0 or 1, b is 0, 1 or 2, X_(L) is CR_(L) ³R_(L) ⁴, NR_(L) ⁵, oxygen or sulfur, R_(L) ¹, R_(L) ², R_(L) ³, R_(L) ⁴ independently of one another are hydrogen, -T, —OH, —NR_(L) ⁶R_(L) ⁷, —CO—NH₂, a halogen radical, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, —CO—NH(C₁-C₆-alkyl), —CO—N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)₂ or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical, an optionally substituted radical C₁-C₂-alkylene-T, C₂-alkenylene-T or C2-alkynylene-T, an optionally substituted aryl or arylalkyl radical or in each case independently of one another are two radicals R_(L) ¹ and R_(L) ² or R_(L) ³ and R_(L) ⁴ or optionally R_(L) ¹ and R_(L) ³ together are an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated carbocycle or heterocycle, which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, R_(L) ⁵, R_(L) ⁶, R_(L) ⁷ independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl, SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl or CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted CO—O-alkylenearyl, SO₂-aryl, CO-aryl, SO₂-alkylenearyl or CO-alkylenearyl radical, G is a structural element of the formula I_(G)

where the structural element B is bonded via Ar and the structural element L is bonded via X_(G) to the structural element G by means of a single bond or a double bond and Ar is a fused, aromatic 3- to 10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to four different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and is optionally substituted by up to 4 substituents, D_(G) is an optionally substituted, fused, unsaturated or aromatic 3- to 10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to 4 different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, X_(G) is CR_(G) ¹ or nitrogen, in the case of a single bond to structural element L, or carbon, in the case of a double bond to structural element L, W_(G) is —Y_(G)—N(R_(G) ⁵)- or —N(R_(G) ⁵)—Y_(G)—, Y_(G) is CO, CS, C═NR_(G) ² or CR_(G R) _(G) ⁴, R_(G) ¹ is hydrogen, halogen, a hydroxyl group or a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical R_(G) ² is hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl or —O—C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or an optionally substituted aryl, —O-aryl, arylalkyl or —O-alkylenearyl radical, R_(G) ³, R_(G) ⁴ independently of one another are hydrogen or a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical or both radicals R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴ together are a cyclic acetal —O—CH₂—CH₂—O— or —O—CH₂—O— or both radicals R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴ together are an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical, with the proviso that, as substituents of the C₁-C₆-alkyl radicals, the groups COOH and carboxylic acid ester are excluded, R_(G) ⁵ is a radical R_(G) ^(5A) or a radical C₀-C₆-alkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₁-C₆-oxoalkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-oxoalkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-oxoalkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₁-C₄-aminoalkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-aminoalkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-aminoalkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), optionally substituted by one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of R_(G) ^(5A) and R_(G) ^(5C), R_(G) ^(5A) is a radical COR_(G) ^(5G), COC(R_(G) ^(5E))₂(R_(G) ^(5H)), CSR_(G) ^(5G), S(O)_(g1)—OR_(G) ^(5E), S(O)_(g1)—N(R_(G) ^(5E)) (R_(G) ^(5F)), PO(OR_(G) ^(5E)), PO(OR_(G) ^(5E))₂, B(OR_(G) ^(5E))₂, NO₂ or tetrazolyl, R_(G) ^(5B) is hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloheteroalkyl, aryl or hetaryl radical, R_(G) ^(5C) is hydrogen, halogen, CN, NO₂, OR_(G) ^(5D), CF₃, or a radical N(R_(G) ^(5E)) (R_(G) ^(5D)), CF₃S(O)_(g2), CO₂R_(G) ^(5E), CO—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂, C₀-C₆-alkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₁-C₆-oxoalkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkenylene—R_(G) ^(5E)or C₂-C₄-alkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), R_(G) ^(5D) is a radical R_(G) ^(5E), —CO—R_(G) ^(5E), CO—OR_(G) ^(5J), CO—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂, S(O)_(g1)—R_(G) ^(5E) or S(O)_(g1)—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂, R_(G) ^(5E) is hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, aryl-C₀-C₆-alkylene, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₆-alkylene, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical, R_(G) ^(5F) is a radical R_(G) ^(5E), CO—R_(G) ^(5E) or CO—OR_(G) ^(5E), R_(G) ^(5G) is a radical OR_(G) ^(5E), N(R_(G) ^(5E)) (R_(G) ^(5F)), N(R_(G) ^(5E))—SO₂R_(G) ^(5E), N(R_(G) ^(5E)) (OR_(G) ^(5E)), O—C(R_(G) ^(5E))₂-CO—OR_(G) ^(5E), O—C(R_(G) ^(5E))₂-O—CO—R_(G) ^(5E), O—C(R_(G) ^(5E))₂-CO—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂ or CF₃, R_(G) ^(5H) is a radical OR_(G) ^(5E), CN, S(O)_(g2)—R_(G) ^(5E), S(O)_(g1)—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂, CO—R_(G) ^(5E), C(O)N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂ or CO₂—R_(G) ^(5E), R_(G) ^(5J) is hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl or aryl-C₀-C₆-alkylene radical, g1 is 1 or 2 and g2 is 0, 1 or 2, with the proviso that if W_(G)=—Y_(G)—N(R_(G) ⁵)- the radical —(CH₂)_(m)—COR_(G) ⁶ is excluded for R_(G) ⁵, where m is 1 or 2, R_(G) ⁶ is —OR′, —NR′R″, —NR′SO₂R′″, —NR′OR′, —OCR′₂C(O)OR′, —OCR′₂OC(O)R′, —OCR′₂C(O)NR′₂, —CF₃ or —COC(R′)₂R_(G) ⁷, R_(G) ⁷ is —OR′, —CN, —S(O)_(r)R′, S(O)₂N(R′)₂, —C(O)R′C(O)NR′₂ or —CO₂R′, r is 0, 1 or 2, R′ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₄-alkyl or aryl-C₀-C₄-alkyl, R″ is R′, —C(O)R′ or —C(O)OR_(G) ⁸, R′″ is C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₄-alkyl or aryl-C₀-C₄-alkyl, R_(G) ⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₄-alkyl or aryl-C₀-C₄-alkyl, B is a structural element containing at least one atom which, under physiological conditions, can form hydrogen bridges as a hydrogen acceptor, where at least one hydrogen acceptor atom has a distance of 4 to 15 atom bonds from structural element G along the shortest possible route along the structural element skeleton, and all the optional substituents which have not been further defined are selected from: —NO₂—NH₂, —OH, —CN, —COOH, —O—CH₂—COOH, halogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl radical, —CO—O—C₁-C₄-alkyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₁-C₄-thioalkyl, —NH—CO—O—C₁₋C₄alkyl, —O—CH₂—COO—C₁-C₄-alkyl, —NH—CO—C—C-alkyl, —CO—NH—C₁-C₄-alkyl, —NH—SO₂, C₁-C₄-alkyl, —SO₂—NH—C₁-C₄-alkyl, —N(C₁-C₄-alkyl)₂-NH—C₁-C₄-alkyl, or —SO₂—C₁-C₄-alkyl radical, an optionally substituted —NH—CO-aryl, —CO—NH-aryl, —NH—CO—O-aryl, —NH—CO—O-alkylenearly, —NH—SO₂-aryl, —SO₂—NH-aryl, —CO—NH-benzyl, —NH—SO₂-benzyl or —SO₂—NH-benzyl radical, an optionally substituted radical —SO₂—NR_(S) ²R_(S) ³ or —CO—NR_(S) ²R_(S) ³ where the radicals R_(S) ² and R_(S) ³ independently of one another can have the meaning R_(L) ⁵ as below or both radicals R_(S) ² and R_(S) ³ together can be a 3- to 6-membered, optionally substituted saturated unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle which, in addition to the ring nitrogens can contain up to three further different or identical heteroatoms, O, N, S, and optionally two radicals substituted on this heterocycle can together be a fused, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and the cycle can be optionally substituted or a further, optionally substituted cycle can be fused to this cycle; wherein the radical R_(L) ⁵ is hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆alkyl radical, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl, SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl or CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted CO—O-alkylenearyl, SO₂-aryl, SO₂-alkylenearyl or CO-alkylenearyl radical; or the physiologically tolerable salts, and the enantiomerically pure or diastereomerically pure and tautomeric forms.
 2. A compound as claims in claim 1, wherein the structural element B is a structural element of the formula I_(B) A-E-  I_(B) where A and E have the following meanings: A is a structural element selected from the group consisting of: a 4- to 8-membered monocyclic saturated, unsaturated or aromatic hydrocarbon which can contain up to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, where, in each case independently of one another, the optionally present ring nitrogen or the carbons can be substituted, with the proviso that at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S is present in the structural element A, and a 9- to 14-membered polycyclic, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic hydrocarbon which can contain up to 6 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, where, in each case independently of one another, the optionally present ring nitrogen or the carbons can be substituted, with the proviso that at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S is present in the structural element A, a radical

where Z_(A) ¹ is oxygen, sulfur or optionally substituted nitrogen and Z_(A) ² is optionally substituted nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, or a radical

where R_(A) ¹⁸, R_(A) ¹⁹ independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₈-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl, C₁-C₅-alkylene-C₁-C₄-alkoxy, mono- or bisalkylaminoalkylene or acylaminoalkylene radical or an optionally substituted aryl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, hetaryl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, C₁—C4-alkylene-C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkyleneheterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkyleneheterocycloalkenyl or hetarylalkyl radical, or a radical —SO₂—R_(G) ¹¹, —CO—OR_(G) ¹¹, —CO—NR_(G) ¹¹R_(G) ¹¹* or —CO—R_(G) ¹¹, and E is a spacer structural element which covalently bonds the structural element A to the structural element G, where the number of atomic bonds along the shortest possible route along the structural element skeleton E is 3 to
 14. 3. A compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein the structural element A used is a structural element selected from the group consisting of structural elements of the formulae I_(A) ¹ to I_(A) ¹⁸,

where m, p, q independently of one another are 1, 2 or 3, R_(A) ¹, R_(A) ² independently of one another are hydrogen, CN, halogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl or CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl, hetarylalkyl or C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or a radical CO—O—R_(A) ¹⁴, O—R_(A) ¹⁴, S—R_(A) ¹⁴, NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶, CO—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or SO₂NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or both radicals R_(A) ¹ and R_(A) ² together are a fused, optionally substituted, 5- or 6-membered, unsaturated or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, R_(A) ¹³, R_(A) ¹³ independently of one another are hydrogen, CN, halogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or a radical CO—O—R_(A) ¹⁴, O—R_(A) ¹⁴, S—R_(A) ¹⁴, NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶, SO₂—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or CO—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶, where R_(A) ¹⁴ is hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, alkylene-C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₁-C₆-alkylene-C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical, R_(A) ¹⁵, R_(A) ¹⁶, independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl, COO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—NH—C₁-C₆-alkyl, arylalkyl, COO-alkylenearyl, SO₂-alkylenearyl, CO—NH-alkylenearyl, CO—NH-alkylenehetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, CO-aryl, CO—NH-aryl, SO2-aryl, hetaryl, CO—NH-hetaryl or CO-hetaryl radical, R_(A) ³, R_(A) ⁴ independently of one another are hydrogen, —(CH₂)_(n)—(X_(A))_(j)—R_(A) ¹², or both radicals together are a 3- to 8-membered, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic N-heterocycle which can additionally contain two further, identical or different heteroatoms O, N or S, where the cycle is optionally substituted or a further, optionally substituted, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic or aromatic cycle can be fused to this cycle, where n is 0, 1, 2 or 3, j is 0 or 1, X_(A) is —CO—, —CO—N(R_(X) ¹)—, —N(R_(X) ¹)—CO—, —N(R_(X) ¹)—CO—N(R_(X) ¹*)-, —N(R_(X) ¹)—CO—O—, —O—, —S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂—N(R_(X) ¹)—, —SO₂—O 13 , —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—N(R_(X) ¹)—, —N(R_(X) ¹)— or —N(R_(X) ¹)—SO₂—, R_(A) ¹² is hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical, an optionally C₁-C₄-alkyl- or aryl-substituted C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₂-C₆-alkenyl radical or a 3- to 6-membered, saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, substituted by up to three identical or different radicals, which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, a C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl or hetaryl radical, where two radicals together can be a fused, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and the cycle can optionally be substituted or a further, optionally substituted, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic cycle can be fused to this cycle, or the radical R_(A) ¹², together with R_(X) ¹ or R_(X) ¹*, forms a saturated or unsaturated C₃-C₇-heterocycle which can optionally contain up to two further heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, R_(X) ¹, R_(X) ¹* independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl or SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, CO—O-alkylenearyl, CO-alkylenearyl, CO-aryl, SO₂-aryl, hetaryl, CO-hetaryl or SO₂-alkylenearyl radical, R_(A) ⁶, R_(A) ⁶* are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl, —CO—O—C₁-C₄-alkyl, arylalkyl, —CO—O-alkylenearyl, —CO—O-allyl, —CO—C₁-C₄-alkyl, —CO-alkylenearyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl or —CO-allyl radical or, in structural element I_(A) ⁷, both radicals R_(A) ⁶ and R_(A) ⁶* together are an optionally substituted, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle which, in addition to the ring nitrogen, can contain up to two further different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, R_(A) ⁷ is hydrogen, —OH, —CN, —CONH₂, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl or —O—CO—C₁-C₄-alkyl radical, or an optionally substituted arylalkyl, —O-alkylenearyl, —O—CO-aryl, —O—CO-alkylenearyl or —O—CO-allyl radical, or both radicals R_(A) ⁶ and R_(A) ⁷ together are an optionally substituted, unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle which, in addition to the ring nitrogen, can contain up to two further different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, R_(A) ⁸ is hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl, CO—C₁-C₄-alkyl, SO₂—C₁-C₄-alkyl or CO—O—C₁-C₄-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted aryl, CO-aryl, SO₂-aryl, CO—O-aryl, CO-alkylenearyl, SO₂-alkylenearyl, CO—O-alkylenearyl or alkylenearyl radical, R_(A) ⁹, R_(A) ¹⁰ independently of one another are hydrogen, —CN, halogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or a radical CO—O—R_(A) ¹⁴, O—R_(A) ²⁴, S—R_(A) ²⁴, NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶, SO₂—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or CO—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶, or both radicals R_(A) ⁹ and R_(A) ¹⁰ together in structural element I_(A) ¹⁴ are a 5- to 7-membered saturated, unsaturated or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and is optionally substituted by up to three identical or different radicals, R_(A) ¹¹ is hydrogen, —CN, halogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or a radical CO—O—R_(A) ¹⁴, O—R_(A) ¹⁴, S—R_(A) ¹⁴, NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶, SO₂—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶ or CO—NR_(A) ¹⁵R_(A) ¹⁶, R_(A) ¹⁷ is hydrogen or, in structural element I_(A) ¹⁶, both radicals R_(A) ⁹ and R_(A) ¹⁷ together are a 5- to 7-membered saturated, unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle which, in addition to the ring nitrogen, can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and is optionally substituted by up to three identical or different radicals, R_(A) ¹⁸, R_(A) ¹⁹ independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₈-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl, C₁-C₅-alkylene-C₁-C₄-alkoxy, mono- and bisalkylaminoalkylene or acylaminoalkylene radical or an optionally substituted aryl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, hetaryl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkyleneheterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkyleneheterocycloalkenyl or hetarylalkyl radical, or a radical —SO₂—R_(G) ⁴, —CO—OR_(G) ⁴, —CO—NR_(G) ⁴R_(G) ⁴* or —CO—R_(G) ⁴, Z₁, Z₂, Z₃, Z₄ independently of one another are nitrogen, C—H, C-halogen or a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C—C₁-C₄-alkyl or C—C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical, Z₅ is NR_(A) ⁸, oxygen or sulfur.
 4. A compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein the spacer structural element E is composed of two to four substructural elements, selected from the group consisting of E¹ and E², where the sequence of linkage of the substructural elements is arbitrary and E¹ and E² have the following meanings: E¹ is a substructural element of the formula I_(E1) -(Y_(E))_(k1)—(CR_(E) ¹R_(E) ²)_(c)-(Q_(E))_(k2)-(CR_(E) ³R_(E) ⁴)_(d)-  I_(E1) and E² is a substructural element of the formula I_(E2) -(NR_(E) ¹¹)_(k3)-(CR_(E) ⁵R_(E) ⁶)_(f)-(Z_(E))_(k4)-(CR_(E) ⁷R_(E) ⁸)_(g)-(X_(E))_(k5)—(CR_(E) ⁹R_(E) ¹⁰)_(h)-(NR_(E) ¹¹*)_(k6)—I_(E2), where c, d, f, g, h independently of one another are 0, 1 or 2, k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6 independently of one another are 0 or 1, X_(E), Q_(E) independently of one another are an optionally substituted 4- to 11-membered mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon which can contain up to 6 double bonds and up to 6 identical or different heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, where the ring carbons and/or the ring nitrogens can optionally be substituted, Y_(E), Z_(E) independently of one another are CO, —N(R_(E) ¹¹)—, CO—NR_(E) ¹², NR_(E) ¹²-CO, sulfur, SO, SO₂, SO₂—NR_(E) ¹², NR_(E) ¹²-SO₂, CS, CS—NR_(E) ¹², —C(R_(E) ¹³) (CR_(E) ¹⁴)-, NR_(E) ¹²-CS, CS—O, O—CS, CO—O, O—CO, oxygen, ethynylene, CR_(E) ¹³-O—CR_(E) ¹⁴, C(═CR_(E) ¹³R_(E) ¹⁴), CR_(E) ¹³═CR_(E) ¹⁴, —CR_(E) ¹³(OR_(E) ¹⁵)—CHR_(E) ¹⁴- or —CHR_(E) ¹³—CR_(E) ¹⁴ (OR_(E) ¹⁵)—, R_(E) ¹, R_(E) ², R_(E) ³, R_(E) ⁴, R_(E) ⁵, R_(E) ⁶, R_(E) ⁷, R_(E) ⁸, R_(E) ⁹, R_(E) ¹⁰ independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen, a hydroxyl group, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or alkylenecycloalkyl radical, a radical —(CH₂)_(x)—(W_(E))_(z)—R_(E) ¹⁷, an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical or independently of one another in each case two radicals R_(E) ¹ and R_(E) ² or R_(E) ³ and R_(E) ⁴ or R_(E) ⁵ and R_(E) ⁶ or R_(E) ⁷ and R_(E) ⁸ or R_(E) ⁹ and R_(E) ¹⁰ together are a 3- to 7-membered, optionally substituted, saturated or unsaturated carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, x is 0, 1, 2, 3 or
 4. z is 0 or 1, W_(E) is —CO—, —CO—N(R_(W) ²)—, —N(R_(W) ²)—CO—, N(R_(W) ²)CO—N(R_(W) ²*), —N(R_(W) ²)—CO—O—, —O—, —S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂—N(R_(W) ²)—, —SO₂—O—. —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—N(R_(W) ²)—, —N(R_(W) ²)— or —N(R_(W) ²)—SO₂—, R_(W) ², R_(W) ²* independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₈-alkynyl, CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl or SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted hetaryl, hetarylalkyl, arylalkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, CO—O-alkylenearyl, CO-alkylenearyl, CO-aryl, SO₂-aryl, CO-hetaryl or SO₂-alkylenearyl radical, R_(E) ¹⁷ is hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, CN, halogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical, an optionally substituted C₃-C⁷-cycloalkyl, aryl, hetaryl or arylalkyl radical, a C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₂-C₆-alkenyl radical optionally substituted by C₁-C₄-alkyl or aryl, an optionally substituted C₆-C₁₂-bicycloalkyl, C₁-C₆-alkylene-C₆-C₁₂-bicycloalkyl, C₇-C₂₀-tricycloalkyl or C₁-C₆-alkylene-C₇-C₂₀-tricycloalkyl radical, or a 3- to 8-membered, saturated or unsaturated heterocycle substituted by up to three identical or different radicals, which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, where two radicals can together be a fused, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, and the cycle can optionally be substituted or a further, optionally substituted, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic cycle can be fused to this cycle, or the radical R_(E) ¹⁷ forms, together with R² or R_(W) ²*, a saturated or unsaturated C₃-C₇-heterocycle which can optionally contain up to two further heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, R_(E) ¹¹, R_(E) ¹¹* independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—NH—C₁-C₆-alkoxyalkyl, CO—NH—C₁-C₆-alkyl or SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted hetaryl, arylalkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, CO—O-alkylenearyl, CO—NH-alkylenearyl, CO-alkylenearyl, CO-aryl, CO—NH-aryl, SO₂-aryl, CO-hetaryl, SO₂-alkylenearyl, SO₂-hetaryl or SO₂-alkylenehetaryl radical, R_(E) ¹² is hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₈-alkynyl radical, an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, hetaryl, arylalkyl or hetarylalkyl radical or a radical CO—R_(E) ¹⁶, COOR_(E) ¹⁶ or SO₂—R_(E) ¹⁶, R_(E) ¹³, R_(E) ¹⁴, independently of one another are hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or alkylenecycloalkyl radical or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical, R_(E) ¹⁵ is hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or alkylenecycloalkyl radical or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical, R_(E) ¹⁶ is hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₁-C₅-alkylene-C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical, or an optionally substituted aryl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, hetaryl, C₃-C₇-cycloakyl, C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-heterocycloalkenyl or hetarylalkyl radical.
 5. A compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein the spacer structural element E used is a structural element of the formula I_(E1E2) -E₂-E₁-  I_(E1E2) and E¹ and E² have the following meanings: E¹ is a substructural element of the formula I_(E1) -(Y_(E))_(k1)—(CR_(E) ¹R_(E) ²)_(c)-(Q_(E))_(k2)-(CR_(E) ³R_(E) ⁴)_(d)-  I_(E1) and E² is a substructural element of the formula I_(E2) -(NR_(E) ¹¹)_(k3)-(CR_(E)R⁵R_(E) ⁶)_(f)-(Z_(E))_(k4)-(CR_(E) ⁷R_(E) ⁸)_(g)-(X_(E))_(k5)—(CR_(E) ⁹R_(E) ¹⁰)_(h)-(NR_(E) ¹¹*)_(k6)—I_(E2), where c, d, f, g, h independently of one another are 0, 1 or 2, k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6 independently of one another are 0 or 1, X_(E), Q_(E) independently of one another are an optionally substituted 4- to 11-membered mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon which can contain up to 6 double bonds and up to 6 identical or different heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, where the ring carbons and/or the ring nitrogens can optionally be substituted, Y_(E), Z_(E) independently of one another are CO, —N(R_(E) ¹¹)—, CO—NR_(E) ¹², NR_(E) ¹²-CO, sulfur, SO, SO₂, SO₂—NR_(E) ¹², NR_(E) ¹²-SO₂, CS, CS—NR_(E) ¹², —C(R_(E) ¹³) (CR_(E) ¹⁴)-, NR_(E) ¹²-CS, CS—O, O—CS, CO—O, O—CO, oxygen, ethynylene, CR_(E) ¹³-O—CR_(E) ¹⁴, C(═CR_(E) ¹³R_(E) ¹⁴), CR_(E) ¹³═CR_(E) ¹⁴, —CR_(E) ¹³(OR_(E) ¹⁵)—CHR_(E) ¹⁴- or —CHR_(E) ¹³—CR_(E) ¹⁴ (OR_(E) ¹⁵)—, R_(E) ¹, R_(E) ², R_(E) ³, R_(E) ⁴, R_(E) ⁵, R_(E) ⁶, R_(E) ⁷, R_(E) ⁸, R_(E) ⁹, R_(E) ¹⁰ independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen, a hydroxyl group, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or alkylenecycloalkyl radical, a radical —(CH₂)_(x)—(W_(E))_(z)—R_(E) ¹⁷, an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical or independently of one another in each case two radicals R_(E) ¹ and R_(E) ² or R_(E) ³ and R_(E) ⁴ or R_(E) ⁵ and R_(E) ⁶ or R_(E) ⁷ and R_(E) ⁸ or R_(E) ⁹ and R_(E) ¹⁰ together are a 3- to 7-membered, optionally substituted, saturated or unsaturated carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, x is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, z is 0 or 1, W_(E) is —CO—, —CO—N(R_(W) ²)—, —N(R_(W) ²)—CO—, N(R_(W) ²)—CO—N(R_(W) ²*), —N(R_(W) ²)—CO—O—, —O—, —S—, —SO₂—, —SO₂—N(R_(W) ²)—, —SO₂—O—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —O—CO—N(R_(W) ²)—, —N(R_(W) ²)— or —N(R_(W) ²)—SO₂—, R_(W) ², R_(W) ²* independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₈-alkynyl, CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl or SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted hetaryl, hetarylalkyl, arylalkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, CO—O-alkylenearyl, CO-alkylenearyl, CO-aryl, SO₂-aryl, CO-hetaryl or SO₂-alkylenearyl radical, R_(E) ¹⁷ is hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, CN, halogen a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl radical, an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, hetaryl or arylalkyl radical, a C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₂-C₆-alkenyl radical optionally substituted by C₁-C₄-alkyl or aryl, an optionally substituted C₆-C₁₂-bicycloalkyl, C₁-C₆-alkylene-C₆-C₁₂-bicycloalkyl, C₇-C₂₀-tricycloalkyl or C₁-C₆-alkylene-C₇-C₂₀-tricycloalkyl radical, or a 3- to 8-membered, saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, which is substituted by up to three identical or different radicals, which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, where two radicals together can be a fused, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and the cycle can optionally be substituted or a further, optionally substituted, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic cycle can be fused to this cycle, or the radical R_(E) ¹⁷ forms together with R_(W) ² or R_(W) ²* a saturated or unsaturated C₃-C₇-heterocycle which can optionally contain up to two further heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N, R_(E) ¹¹, R_(E) ¹¹* independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkoxyalkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, CO—C₁-C₆— alkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl, CO—NH—C₁-C₆-alkoxyalkyl, CO—NH—C₁-C₆-alkyl or SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted hetaryl, arylalkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, CO—O-alkylenearyl, CO—NH-alkylenearyl, CO-alkylenearyl, CO-aryl, CO—NH-aryl, SO₂-aryl, CO-hetaryl, SO₂-alkylenearyl, SO₂-hetaryl or SO₂-alkylenehetaryl radical, R_(E) ¹² is hydrogen, a branched of unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₈-alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, hetaryl, arylalkyl or hetarylalkyl radical or a radical CO—R_(E) ¹⁶, COOR_(E) ¹⁶ or SO₂—R_(E) ¹⁶, R_(E) ¹³, R_(E) ¹⁴ independently of one another are hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or alkylenecycloalkyl radical or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical, R_(E) ¹⁵ is hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally. substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or alkylenecycloalkyl radical or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical, R_(E) ¹⁶ is hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, a branched or unbranched optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₁-C₅-alkylene-C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical, or an optionally substituted aryl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, hetaryl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkylene-C₃-C₇-heterocycloalkenyl or hetarylalkyl radical.
 6. The use of the structural element of the formula I_(GL) -G-L  I_(GL) for the preparation of compounds which bind to integrin receptors, where G and L have the following meanings: L is a structural element of the formula I_(L) —U-T  I_(L) where L is a group COOH, a radical hydrolyzable to COOH or a radical Bioisosteric to COOH and —U— is —(X_(L))_(a)—(CR_(L) ¹R_(L) ²)_(b)-, —CR_(L) ¹═CR_(L) ²-, ethynylene or ═CR_(L) ¹-, where a is 0 or 1, b is 0, 1, or 2, X_(L) is CR_(L) ³R_(L) ⁴, NR_(L) ⁵, oxygen or sulfur, R_(L) ¹, R_(L) ², R_(L) ³, R_(L) ⁴ independently of one another are hydrogen, -T, —OH, —NR_(L) ⁶R_(L) ⁷, —CO—NH₂, a halogen radical, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, —CO—NH(C₁-C₆-alkyl), —CO—N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)₂ or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical, an optionally substituted radical C₁-C₂-alkylene-T, C₂-alkenylene-T or C₂-alkynylene-T, an optionally substituted aryl or arylalkyl radical or independently of one another in each case two radicals R_(L) ¹ and R_(L) ² or R_(L) ³ and R_(L) ⁴ or optionally R_(L) ¹ and R_(L) ³ together are an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated carbocycle or heterocycle, which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, R_(L) ⁵, R_(L) ⁶, R_(L) ⁷ independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl, SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl or CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted CO—O-alkylenearyl, SO₂-aryl, CO-aryl, SO₂-alkylenearyl or CO-alkylenearyl radical, G is a structural element of the formula I_(G)

where the structural element B is bonded via Ar and the structural elements L is bonded via X_(G) to the structural element G by means of a single bond or a double bond and Ar is a fused, aromatic 3- to 10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to four different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and is optionally substituted by up to 4 substituents, D_(G) is an optionally substituted, fused, unsaturated or aromatic 3- to 10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to 4 different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, X_(G) is CR_(G) ¹ or nitrogen, in the case of a single bond to structural element L or carbon, in the case of a double bond to structural element L, W_(G) is —Y_(G)—N(R_(G) ⁵)- or —N(R_(G) ⁵)—Y_(G)—, Y_(G) is CO, CS, C═NR_(G) ² or CR_(G) ³R_(G) ⁴, R_(G) ¹ is hydrogen, halogen, a hydroxyl group or a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical, R_(G) ² is hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl or —O—C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or an optionally substituted aryl, —O-aryl, arylalkyl- or —O-alkylene aryl radical, R_(G) ³, R_(G) ⁴ independently of one another are hydrogen or a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical or both radicals R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴ together are a cyclic acetal —O—CH₂—CH₂—O— or —O—CH₂—O— or both radicals R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴ together are an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical, with the proviso that, as substituents of the C₁-C₆-alkyl radicals, the groups COOH and carboxylic acid ester are excluded, R_(G) ⁵ is a radical R_(G) ^(5A) or a radical C₀-C₆-alklylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C⁴-alkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₁-C₆-oxoakylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-oxoalkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-oxoalkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₁-C₄-aminoalkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-aminoalkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-aminoalkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), optionally substituted by one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of R_(G) ^(5A) and R_(G) ^(5C), R_(G) ^(5A)is a radical COR_(G) ^(5G), COC(R_(G) ^(5E))₂(R_(G) ^(5H)), CSR_(G) ^(5G), S(O)_(g1)—OR_(G) ^(5E), S(O)_(g1)—N(R_(G) ^(5E))(R_(G) ^(5F)), PO(OR_(G) ^(5E)), PO(OR_(G) ^(5E))₂, B(OR_(G) ^(5E))₂, NO₂ or tetrazolyl, R_(G) ^(5B) is hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloheteroalkyl, aryl or hetaryl radical, R_(G) ^(5C) is hydrogen, halogen, CN, NO₂, OR_(G) ^(5D), CF₃, or a radical N(R_(G) ^(5E))(R_(G) ^(5D)), CF₃S(O)_(g2), CO₂R_(G) ^(5E), CO—N(R_(g) ^(5E))₂, C₀-C₆-alkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₁-C₆-oxoalkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B) or C₂-C₄-alkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), R_(G) ^(5D) is a radical R_(G) ^(5E), —CO—R_(G) ^(5E), CO—OR_(G) ^(5J), CO—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂, S(O)_(g1)—R_(G) ^(5E) or S(O)_(g1)—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂, R_(G) ^(5E) is hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, aryl-C₀-C₆-alkylene, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₆-alkylene, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical, R_(G) ^(5F) is a radical R_(G) ^(5E), CO—R_(G) ^(5E) or CO—OR_(G) ^(5E), R_(G) ^(5G)is a radical OR_(G) ^(5E), N(R_(G) ^(5E))(R_(G) ^(5F)), N(R_(G) ^(5E))—SO₂R_(G) ^(5E), N(R_(G) ^(5E)) (OR_(G) ^(5E)), O—C(R_(G) ^(5E))₂-CO—OR_(G) ^(5E), O—C(R_(G) ^(5E))₂-O—CO—R_(G) ^(5E), O—C(R_(G) ^(5E))₂-CO—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂ or CF₃, R_(G) ^(5H) is a radical OR_(G) ^(5E), CN, S(O)_(g2)—R_(G) ^(5E), S(O)_(g1)—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂, CO—R_(G) ^(5E), C(O)N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂ or CO₂—R_(G) ^(5E), R_(G) ^(5J) is hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl or aryl-C₀-C₆-alkylene radical, g1 is 1 or 2 and g2 is 0, 1 or 2, with the proviso that if W_(G)=—Y_(G)—N(R_(G) ⁵)- the radical-(CH₂)_(m)—COR_(G) ⁶ is excluded for R_(G)5, where m is 1 or 2, R_(G) ⁶ is —OR′, —NR′R″, —NR′SO₂R′″, —NR′OR′, —OCR′₂C(O)OR′, —OCR′₂OC(O)R′, —OCR′₂C(O)NR′₂, —CF₃ or —COC(R′)₂R_(G) ⁷, R_(G) ⁷ is —OR′, —CN, —S(O)_(r)R′, S(O)₂N(R′)₂, —C(O)R′C(O)NR′₂ or —CO₂R′, r is 0, 1 or 2, R′ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₄-alkyl or aryl-C₀-C₄-alkyl, R″ is R′, —C(O)R′ or —C(O)OR_(G) ⁸, R′″ is C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₄-alkyl or aryl-C₀-C₄-alkyl, R_(G) ⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₄ alkyl or aryl-C₀-C₄-alkyl.
 7. A drug containing the structural element of, the formula I_(GL) -G-L  I_(GL) where G and L have the following meanings: L is a structural element of the formula I_(L) —U-T  I_(L) where T is a group COOH, a radical hydrolyzable to COOH or a radical bioisosteric to COOH and —U— is —(X_(L))_(a)—(CR_(L) ¹R_(L) ²)_(b)-, —CR_(L) ¹═CR_(L) ²-, ethynylene or ═CR_(L) ¹-, where a is 0 or 1, b is 0, 1, or 2, X_(L) is CR_(L) ³R_(L) ⁴, NR_(L) ⁵, oxygen or sulfur, R_(L) ¹, R_(L) ², R_(L) ³, R_(L) ⁴ independently of one another are hydrogen, -T, —OH, —NR_(L) ⁶R_(L) ⁷, —CO—NH₂, a halogen radical, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, —CO—NH(C₁-C₆-alkyl), —CO—N(C₁-C₆-alkyl)₂ or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical, an optionally substituted radical C₁-C₂-alkylene-T, C₂-alkenylene-T or C₂-alkynylene-T, an optionally substituted aryl or arylalkyl radical or independently of one another in each case two radicals R_(L) ¹ and R_(L) ² or R_(L) ³ and R_(L) ⁴ or optionally R_(L) ¹ and R_(L) ³ together are an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated carbocycle or heterocycle, which can contain up to three different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, R_(L) ⁵, R_(L) ⁶, R_(L) ⁷ independently of one another are hydrogen, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl, CO—O—C₁-C₆-alkyl, SO₂—C₁-C₆-alkyl or CO—C₁-C₆-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted CO—O-alkylenearyl, SO₂-aryl, CO-aryl, SO₂-alkylenearyl or CO-alkylenearyl radical, G is a structural element of the formula I_(G)

where the structural element B is bonded via Ar and the structural element L is bonded via X_(G) to the structural element G by means of a single bond or a double bond and Ar is a fused, aromatic 3- to 10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to four different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S and is optionally substituted by up to 4 substituents, D_(G) is an optionally substituted, fused, unsaturated or aromatic 3- to 10-membered carbocycle or heterocycle which can contain up to 4 different or identical heteroatoms O, N, S, X_(G) is CR_(G) ¹ or nitrogen, in the case of a single bond to structural element L or carbon, in the case of a double bond to structural element L, W_(G) is —Y_(G)—N(R_(G) ⁵)- or —N(R_(G) ⁵)—Y_(G)—, Y_(G) is CO, CS, C═NR_(G) ² or CR_(G) ³R_(G), R_(G) ¹ is hydrogen, halogen, a hydroxyl group or a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical, R_(G) ² is hydrogen, a hydroxyl group, a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl or —O—C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical or an optionally substituted aryl, —O-aryl, arylalkyl or —O-alkylenearyl radical, R_(G) ³, R_(G) ⁴ independently of one another are hydrogen or a branched or unbranched, optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl or C₁-C₄-alkoxy radical or both radicals R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴ together are a cyclic acetal —O—CH₂—CH₂—O— or —O—CH₂—O— or both radicals R_(G) ³ and R_(G) ⁴ together are an optionally substituted C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl radical, with the proviso that, as substituents of the C₁-C₆-alkyl radicals, the groups COOH and carboxylic acid ester are excluded, R_(G) ⁵ is a radical R_(G) ^(5A) or a radical C₀-C₆-alklylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₁-C₆-oxoakylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-oxoalkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-oxoalkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C¹—C⁴-aminoalkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-aminoalkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-aminoalkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), optionally substituted by one or more radicals selected from the group consisting of R_(G) ^(5A) and R_(G) ^(5C), R_(G) ^(5A)is a radical COR_(G) ^(5G), COC(R_(G) ^(5E))₂(R_(G) ^(5H)), CSR_(G5G), S(O)_(g1)—OR_(G) ^(5E), S(O)_(g1)—N(R_(G) ^(5E))(R_(G) ^(5F)), PO(OR_(G) ^(5E)), PO(OR_(G) ^(5E))₂, NO₂ or tetrazolyl, R_(G) ^(5B) is hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloheteroalkyl, aryl or hetaryl radical, R_(G) ^(5C) is hydrogen, halogen, CN, NO₂, OR_(G) ^(5D), CF₃, or a radical N(R_(G) ^(5E))(R_(G) ^(5D)), CF₃S(O)_(g2), CO₂R_(G) ^(5E), CO—N(R^(G) _(5E))₂, C₀-C₆-alkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₁-C₆-oxoalkylene—R_(G) ^(5B), C₂-C₄-alkenylene—R_(G) ^(5B) or C₂-C₄-alkynylene—R_(G) ^(5B), R_(G) ^(5D) is a radical R_(G) ^(5E), —CO—R_(G) ^(5E), CO—OR_(G) ^(5J), CO—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂, S(O)_(g1)—R_(G) ^(5E) or S(O)_(g1)—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂, R_(G) ^(5E) is hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁-C₆˜alkyl, aryl-C₀-C₆-alkylene, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₆-alkylene, hetaryl or hetarylalkyl radical, R_(G) ^(5F) is a radical R_(G) ^(5E), CO—R_(G) ^(5E) or CO—OR_(G) ^(5E), R_(G) ^(5G) is a radical OR_(G) ^(5E), N(R_(G) ^(5E)) (R_(G) ^(5F)), N(R_(G) ^(5E))—SO₂R_(G) ^(5E), N(R_(G) ^(5E)) (OR_(G) ^(5E)), O—C(R_(G) ^(5E))₂-CO—OR_(G) ^(5E), O—C(R_(G) ^(5E))₂-O—CO—R_(G) ^(5E), O—C(R_(G) ^(5E))₂-CO—N(R_(G) ^(5E))² or CF₃, R_(G) ^(5H) is a radical OR_(G) ^(5E), CN, S(O)_(g2)—R_(G) ^(5E), S(O)_(g1)—N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂, CO—R_(G) ^(5E), C (O)N(R_(G) ^(5E))₂ or CO₂—R_(G) ^(5E), R_(G) ^(5J) is hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl or aryl-C₀-C₆-alkylene radical, g1 is 1 or 2 and g2 is 0, 1 or 2, with the proviso that if W_(G)=—Y_(G)—N(R_(G) ⁵)- the radical —(CH₂)_(m)—COR_(G) ⁶ is excluded for R_(G) ⁵, m is 1 or 2, R_(G) ⁶ is —OR′, —NR′R″, —NR′SO₂R′″, —NR′OR′, —OCR′₂C(O)OR′, —OCR′₂OC(O)R′, —OCR′₂C(O)NR′₂, —CF₃ or —COC(R′)₂R_(G) ⁷, R_(G) ⁷ is —OR′, —CN, —S(O)_(r)R′, S(O)₂N(R′)₂, —C(O)R′C(O)NR′₂ or —CO₂R′, r is 0, 1 or 2 R′ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₄-alkyl or aryl-C₀-C₄-alkyl, R″ is R′, —C(O)R′ or —C(O)OR_(G) ⁸, R′″ is C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₄-alkyl or aryl-C₀-C₄-alkyl, R_(G) ⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₃-C₇-cycloalkyl-C₀-C₄-alkyl or aryl-C₀-C₄-alkyl.
 8. A pharmaceutical preparation, comprising at least one compound as claimed in claim 1, in addition to the customary pharmaceutical excipients.
 9. The use of a compound as claimed in claim 1 for the production of drugs for the treatment of diseases.
 10. The use of a compound as claimed in claim 1 as integrin receptor ligands.
 11. The use of a compound as claimed in claim 1 as claimed in claim 10 as ligands of the αvβ₃ integrin receptor.
 12. The use of a compound as claimed in claim 1, as claimed in claim 9 for the production of drugs for the treatment of diseases in which the interaction between integrins and their natural ligands is excessive or decreased.
 13. The use of a compound as claim in claim 1 as claimed in claim 12 for the treatment of diseases in which the interaction between αvβ₃ integrin and its natural ligands is excessive or decreased.
 14. The use of a compound as claimed in claim 1 as claimed in claim 13 for the treatment of atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, restenosis after vascular injury or stent implantation, angioplasty, acute kidney failure, angiogenesis-associated microangiopathies, diabetic angiopathies, blood platelet-mediated vascular occlusion, arterial thrombosis, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarct, stroke, cancer, osteoporosis, high blood pressure, psoriasis or viral, parasitic, mycotic or bacterial conditions or infections, inflammations, wound healing, hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease, malignant hypercalcemia or metastatic osteolytic lesions.
 15. A pharmaceutical preparation, comprising at least one compound as claimed in claim 1, if appropriate pharmaceutical excipients and at least one further compound selected from the group consisting of inhibitors of blood platelet adhesion, activation or aggregation, anticoagulants which prevent thrombin activity or formation, antagonists of blood platelet-activating compounds and selectin antagonists.
 16. The use of a pharmaceutical preparation as claims in claim 15 for the production of a drug for treating blood platelet-mediated vascular occlusion or thrombosis.
 17. A pharmaceutical preparation, comprising at least one compound as claim in claim 1, if appropriate pharmaceutical excipients and at least one further compound selected from the group consisting of inhibitors of blood platelet activation or aggregation, serine protease inhibitors, fibrinogen-lowering compounds, selectin antagonists, antagonists of ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 inhibitors of leukocyte adhesion inhibitors of vascular wall transmigration, fibrinolysis-modulating compounds, inhibitors of complement factors, endothelin receptor antagonists, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antioxidants and interleukin 8 antagonists.
 18. The use of a pharmaceutical preparation as claims in claim 17 for the production of a drug for treating myocardial infarct or stroke
 19. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one compound as claimed in claim 1, if appropriate pharmaceutical excipients and at least one further compound selected from the group consisting of endothelin antagonists, ACE inhibitors, angiothensin receptor antagonists, endopeptidase inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel antagonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and caspase inhibitors.
 20. The use of the pharmaceutical preparation as claimed in claim 19 for the production of a drug for treating congestive heart failure.
 21. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one compound as claimed in claim 1, if appropriate pharmaceutical excipients and at least one further compound selected from the group consisting of thrombin inhibitors, inhibitors of factor Xa, inhibitors of the coagulation pathway which leads to thrombin formation, inhibitors of blood platelet adhesion, activation or aggregation, endothelin receptor antagonists, nitrogen oxide synthase inhibitors, CD44 antagonists, selectin antagonists, MCP-1 antagonists, inhibitors of signal transaction in proliferating cells, antagonists of the cell response mediated by EGF, PDGF, VEGF or bFGF and anti oxidants.
 22. The use of a pharmaceutical preparation as claimed in claim 21 for the production of a drug for treating restenosis after vascular injury or stent implantation.
 23. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one compound as claimed in claim 1, if appropriate pharmaceutical excipients and at least one further compound selected from the group consisting of antagonists of the cell response mediated by EGF, PDGF, VEGF or bFGF, heparin or low-molecular weight heparins or further GAGs, inhibitors of MMPs, selectin antagonists, endothelin antagonists, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, glycosylation inhibitors and AGE formation inhibitors or AGE breakers and antagonists of their receptors.
 24. The use of the pharmaceutical preparation as claimed in claim 23 for the production of a drug for treating diabetic angiopathies.
 25. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one compound as claimed in claim 1, if appropriate pharmaceutical excipients and at least one further compound selected from the group consisting of lipid-lowering compounds, selectin antagonists, antagonists of ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 heparin or low-molecular weight heparins or further GAGs, inhibitors of MMPs, endothelin antagonists, apolipoprotein A1 antagonists, cholesterol antagonists, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, ACAT inhibitors, ACE inhibitors, angiothensin receptor antagonists, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, protein kinase C inhibitors, calcium channel antagonists, LDL receptor function stimulants, anti oxidants LCAT mimetics and free radical scavengers.
 26. The use of the pharmaceutical preparation as claimed in claim 25 for the production of a drug for treating atherosclerosis.
 27. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one compound as claimed in claim 1, if appropriate pharmaceutical excipients and at least one further compound selected from the group consisting of cytostatic or antineoplastic compounds, compounds which inhibit proliferation and heparin or low-molecular weight heparins or further GAGs.
 28. The use of a pharmaceutical preparation as claimed in claim 27 for the production of a drug for treating cancer.
 29. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one compound as claimed in claim 1, if appropriate pharmaceutical excipients and at least one further compound selected from the group consisting of compounds for antiresorptive therapy, compounds for hormone replacement therapy, recombinant human growth hormone, bisphosphonates, compounds for calcitonin therapy, calcitonin stimulants, calcium channel antagonists, bone formation stimulants, interleukin-6 antagonists and Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
 30. The use of the pharmaceutical preparation as claimed in claim 29 for the production of a drug for treating osteoporosis.
 31. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one compound as claimed in claim 1, if appropriate pharmaceutical excipients and at least one further compound selected from the group consisting of TNF inhibitors, antagonists of VLA-4 or VCAM-1, antagonists of LFA-1, Mac-1 or ICAMs, complement inhibitors, immunosuppressants, interleukin-1, -5 or -8 antagonists and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors.
 32. The use of a pharmaceutical preparation as claimed in claim 31 for the production of a drug for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
 33. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising at least one compound as claimed in claim 1, if appropriate pharmaceutical excipients and at least one further compound selected from the group consisting of collagenase, PDGF antagonists and MMPs.
 34. The use of the pharmaceutical preparation as claimed in claim 33 for the production of a drug for improving wound healing. 